william henry perkin雅思閱讀

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william henry perkin雅思閱讀翻譯

第1段

Wwilliam Henry Perkin was born on March 12,1838,in London,England.As a boy,Perkin’s curiosity prompted earlyinterests in the arts,sciences,photography,and engineering.But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down,yet functional,laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry.

威廉·亨利·珀金(William Henry Perkin)于1838年3月12日出生于英國(guó)倫敦。珀金(Perkin)小時(shí)候的好奇心激發(fā)了他對(duì)藝術(shù)，科學(xué)，攝影和工程學(xué)的早期興趣。但一次絆倒在他已故祖父家破舊但實(shí)用的實(shí)驗(yàn)室中的經(jīng)歷鞏固了這名年輕人對(duì)化學(xué)的熱愛(ài)。

第2段

As a student at the city of London School,Perkin became immersed in the study at chemistry.His talent and devotion tothe subject were perceived by his teachers,Thomas Hall,who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by theeminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution.Those speeches fired the young chemistrys enthusiasm further,and he later went on to attend theRoyal College of Chemistry,which he succeeded in entering in 1853,at the age of 15.

作為倫敦市立學(xué)校的學(xué)生，珀金開(kāi)始沉迷于化學(xué)研究。他的老師托馬斯·霍爾(Thomas Hall）意識(shí)到了他的才華與對(duì)這一學(xué)科的投入，他鼓勵(lì)他文章來(lái)自老烤鴨雅思參加皇家學(xué)院著名科學(xué)家邁克爾法拉第(Michael Faraday)的一系列講座。這些講座進(jìn)一步激發(fā)了這名年輕化學(xué)家的熱情，后來(lái)他繼續(xù)就讀于皇家化學(xué)學(xué)院，并于1853年在15歲的時(shí)候成功進(jìn)入大學(xué)。

第3段

At the time of Perkin’s enrolment,the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist AugustWilhelm Hofmann.Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and,within two years,he became

Hofmann’s youngest assistant.Not long after that,Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fameand fortune.

珀金入學(xué)時(shí)，皇家化學(xué)學(xué)院由著名的德國(guó)化學(xué)家?jiàn)W古斯特·威廉·霍夫曼(August Wilhelm Hofmann）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。珀金的科學(xué)天賦很快引起了霍夫曼的注意。他在兩年內(nèi)成為霍夫曼最年輕的助手。此后不久，珀金取得了科學(xué)突破，這將為他帶來(lái)名聲和財(cái)富。

第4段

At the time,quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria.The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchonatree,native to South America,and by 1856,demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply.Thus,when Hofmannmade some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine,it was unsurprising that his starpupil was moved to take up the challenge.

當(dāng)時(shí)，奎寧是唯一有用的瘧疾藥物。該藥物源自南美本地的金雞納樹(shù)皮，到1856年，對(duì)該藥物的需求已超過(guò)了供應(yīng)量。因此，當(dāng)霍夫曼(Hofmann）對(duì)奎寧合成替代品的需求發(fā)表一些評(píng)論時(shí)，他的明星學(xué)生毫不奇怪地接受了挑戰(zhàn)。

第5段

During his vacation in 1856,Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family’s house.He was

attempting to manufacture quinine from anilie,an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product.Despite his bestefforts,however,he did not end up with quinine.Instead,he produced a mysterious dark sludge.Luckily,Perkin’s scientifictraining and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further.Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol intothe aniline at various stages of the experimental process,he finally produced a deep purple solution.And,proving the truthof the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words'chance favours only the prepared mind’,Perkin saw the potential of hisunexpected find.

在1856年度假期間，珀金在他家房屋頂層的實(shí)驗(yàn)室里度過(guò)了大星時(shí)光。他正試圖用苯胺生產(chǎn)奎寧。苯胺是一種廉價(jià)且容易獲得的煤焦油廢品。盡管盡了最大的努力，但是他最終都沒(méi)有獲得奎寧。相反，他產(chǎn)生了一種神秘的深色污泥。幸運(yùn)的是，珀金的科學(xué)訓(xùn)練和天性促使他進(jìn)一步研究了該物質(zhì)。在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程的不同階段將重鉻酸鉀和酒精摻入苯胺中，最終產(chǎn)生了深紫色溶液。珀金證明了著名科學(xué)家路易斯·巴斯德(Louis Pasteur)的話“機(jī)會(huì)只留給有準(zhǔn)備的人”，他看到了這一意想不到的發(fā)現(xiàn)的潛力。

第6段

Historically,textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions.Some of these,such as theglandular mucus of snails,were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive.Ilndeed,the purple colour extracted from asnail was once so costy that in society at the time only the rich could afford it.Further,natural dyes tend to be muddy in hueand fade quickly.It was against this backdrop that Perkin’s discovery was made.

從歷史上看，紡織染料是從植物和動(dòng)物分泌物等天然來(lái)源制成的。其中一些，例如蝸牛的腺粘液，很難獲得且非常昂貴。的確，從蝸牛中提取的紫色曾經(jīng)非常昂貴，以至于當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)只有富人才能負(fù)擔(dān)得起。此外，天然染料顏色混濁并很快褪色。正是在這種背景下，珀金得出了他的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

第7段

Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric,thus making it the world’s first syntheticdye.Realising the importance of this breakthrough,he lost no time in patenting it.But perhaps the most fascinating of allPerkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.

珀金很快就意識(shí)到，他的紫色溶液可用于為織物著色，從而使其成為世界上第一種合成染料。意識(shí)到這一突破的重要性，他及時(shí)申請(qǐng)了專(zhuān)利。但是，也許珀金對(duì)他的發(fā)現(xiàn)最有意思的反應(yīng)是他幾乎立即意識(shí)到新染料具有商業(yè)潛力。

第8段

Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple,but it later became commonly known as mauve(from the French for theplant used to make the colour violet).He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar,who assured him thatmanufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast(i.e.would not fade)and the cost was relatively low.So,over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann,he left college to give bith to the modern chemical industry.

珀金最初將他的染料命名為T(mén)yrian Purple，但后來(lái)被人們稱(chēng)為mauve(來(lái)自于法國(guó)用于制造紫羅蘭色的植物)。他詢(xún)問(wèn)蘇格蘭染料廠老板羅伯特·普拉爾(Robert Pullar)的建議。他向他保證，如果顏色定型很快（即不會(huì)褪色）并且成本相對(duì)較低，那么制造這種染料就非常值得。因此，在他的導(dǎo)師霍夫曼(Hofmann)的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)下，他離開(kāi)了大學(xué)，開(kāi)啟了現(xiàn)代化學(xué)工業(yè)。

第9段

With the help of his father and brother,Perkin set up a factory not far from London.Utilising the cheap and plentiful coaltar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London’s gas street lighting,the dye works began producing the world’sfirst synthetically dyed material in 1857.The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France,when she decided the new colour flattered her.Very soon,Mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies inthat country.Not to be outdone,England’s Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown,thus making itall the rate in England as well.The dye was bold and fast,and the public clamoured for more.Perkin went back to thedrawing board.

在他的父親和兄弟的幫助下，珀金在離倫敦不遠(yuǎn)的地方建立了一家工廠。利用廉價(jià)和豐富的煤焦油（倫敦燃?xì)饨值勒彰鲙缀鯚o(wú)限的副產(chǎn)品)，該染料廠于1857年開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)世界上第一種合成染料。該公司得到了法國(guó)女皇Eugenie的商業(yè)幫助。這種新顏色使她受寵若驚。很快，淡紫色就成為該國(guó)所有時(shí)尚女士的必備品。不甘落后的英格蘭女王維多利亞也穿著淡紫色禮服在公眾場(chǎng)合露面，使得該顏色在英國(guó)也流行起來(lái)。這種染料清晰而著色迅速，公眾渴望更多。珀金回到實(shí)驗(yàn)室中。

第10段

Although Perkin's fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery,the chemist continued his research.Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red(1859)and aniline black(1863)and,in the late 1860s,Perkin's synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative.The dyes also became vital to medicalresearch in many ways.For instance,they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria allowing researchersto identify such bacili as tuberculosis,cholera,and anthrax.Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today.And,in whatwould have been particularly pleasing to Perkin,their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.

盡管珀金的首個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)為他贏取了名望和財(cái)富，但該化學(xué)家仍在繼續(xù)他的研究。他開(kāi)發(fā)和引進(jìn)的其他染料包括苯胺紅(1859年)和苯胺黑(1863年)，以及19世紀(jì)60年代后期的珀金綠。珀金合成染料的發(fā)現(xiàn)所產(chǎn)生的成果遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了裝飾性的范疇。染料在許多方面對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)研究也至關(guān)重要。例如，它們被用來(lái)標(biāo)記以前看不見(jiàn)的微生物和細(xì)菌，從而使研究人員能夠鑒定出諸如結(jié)核，霍亂和炭疽等細(xì)菌。如今，人造染料仍然扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。而且，令珀金特別高興的是，它們目前的用途是尋找對(duì)抗瘧疾的疫苗。

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