劍橋雅思13Test3Passage1閱讀原文翻譯 The coconut palm
2024-04-02 15:49:04 來(lái)源：中國(guó)教育在線
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劍橋雅思13Test3Passage1閱讀原文翻譯 The coconut palm 椰子樹(shù)
劍橋雅思13 Test3 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯
第1段
For millennia, the coconut has been central to the lives of Polynesian and Asian peoples. In the western world, on the other hand, coconuts have always been exotic and unusual, sometimes rare. The Italian merchant traveller Marco Polo apparently saw coconuts in South Asia in the late 13th century, and among the mid-14th-century travel writings of Sir John Mandeville there is mention of ‘great Notes of Ynde’ (great Nuts of India). Today, images of palm-fringed tropical beaches are cliches in the west to sell holidays, chocolate bars, fizzy drinks and even romance.
一千年來(lái)，椰子一直都是波利尼西亞人和亞洲人生活的中心。但在西方世界，椰子一直都是一種外來(lái)的、不同尋常的物種，有時(shí)十分罕見(jiàn)。意大利商人旅行家馬可波羅在13世紀(jì)末期的時(shí)候顯然在南亞見(jiàn)過(guò)椰子。在14世紀(jì)中期John Mandeville的游記中也提到“印度的巨大堅(jiān)果”。如今，棕櫚點(diǎn)綴的熱帶沙灘的形象已經(jīng)成為西方售賣(mài)假期、巧克力棒、氣泡飲料、甚至愛(ài)情故事的固定手法。
第2段
Typically, we envisage coconuts as brown cannonballs that, when opened, provide sweet white flesh. But we see only part of the fruit and none of the plant from which they come. The coconut palm has a smooth, slender, grey trunk, up to 30 metres tall. This is an important source of timber for building houses, and is increasingly being used as a replacement for endangered hardwoods in the furniture construction industry. The trunk is surmounted by a rosette of leaves, each of which may be up to six metres long. The leaves have hard veins in their centres which, in many parts of the world, are used as brushes after the green part of the leaf has been stripped away. Immature coconut flowers are tightly clustered together among the leaves at the top of the trunk. The flower stems may be tapped for their sap to produce a drink, and the sap can also be reduced by boiling to produce a type of sugar used for cooking.
通常來(lái)說(shuō)，我們想象中的椰子是棕色的炮彈形狀，打開(kāi)的時(shí)候會(huì)有香甜的白色果肉。但我們只看到這種水果的一部分，并沒(méi)有看到結(jié)出它們的植物。椰子樹(shù)有著光滑細(xì)長(zhǎng)的灰色樹(shù)干，可以長(zhǎng)到30米高。它是建造房屋的重要木材來(lái)源，并越來(lái)越多的被用作家具建造行業(yè)頻臨滅絕的硬木的替代品。樹(shù)干被蓮座狀的葉子包裹，每一片最長(zhǎng)可以達(dá)到6米。葉子中心有著堅(jiān)硬的脈絡(luò)。在世界許多地方，當(dāng)葉子的綠色部分被剝離之后，它們被當(dāng)作刷子使用。尚未成熟的椰子花緊緊的聚集在樹(shù)干頂部的葉子中。敲打花莖得到的汁液可以用來(lái)生產(chǎn)飲料，也可以通過(guò)煮沸濃縮來(lái)生產(chǎn)用于烹飪的某種糖。
第3段
Coconut palms produce as many as seventy fruits per year, weighing more than a kilogram each. The wall of the fruit has three layers: a waterproof outer layer, a fibrous middle layer and a hard, inner layer. The thick fibrous middle layer produces coconut fibre, ‘coir’, which has numerous uses and is particularly important in manufacturing ropes. The woody innermost layer, the shell, with its three prominent ‘eyes’, surrounds the seed. An important product obtained from the shell is charcoal, which is widely used in various industries as well as in the home as a cooking fuel. When broken in half, the shells are also used as bowls in many parts of Asia.
椰子每年可以生產(chǎn)70顆果實(shí)，每個(gè)重量超過(guò)1公斤。果實(shí)的外壁有三層：起防水作用的外層，纖維狀的中層，以及堅(jiān)硬的內(nèi)層。厚實(shí)的纖維狀中層出產(chǎn)椰子纖維，“coir”。它擁有廣泛的用途，在繩索制造業(yè)尤其重要。帶有三個(gè)突出的“眼睛”的木制最內(nèi)層椰殼包裹著種子。從椰殼中獲得的一項(xiàng)重要產(chǎn)品是木炭。它被廣泛應(yīng)用于各種產(chǎn)業(yè)，也可以作為烹飪?nèi)剂嫌糜诩抑?。在亞洲的許多地方，椰殼也被一分為二，當(dāng)作碗來(lái)使用。
第4段
Inside the shell are the nutrients (endosperm) needed by the developing seed. Initially, the endosperm is a sweetish liquid, coconut water, which is enjoyed as a drink, but also provides the hormones which encourage other plants to grow more rapidly and produce higher yields. As the fruit matures, the coconut water gradually solidifies to form the brilliant white, fat-rich, edible flesh or meat. Dried coconut flesh, ‘copra’, is made into coconut oil and coconut milk, which are widely used in cooking in different parts of the world, as well as in cosmetics. A derivative of coconut fat, glycerine, acquired strategic importance in a quite different sphere, as Alfred Nobel introduced the world to his nitroglycerine-based invention: dynamite.
椰殼內(nèi)部是發(fā)育中的種子所需要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)（胚乳）。起初，胚乳是香甜的液體，即椰汁。它雖然被當(dāng)作飲品享用，但也提供促進(jìn)其他植物快速生長(zhǎng)和產(chǎn)量提升的荷爾蒙。隨著果實(shí)的成熟，椰汁逐漸凝固，形成亮白、富含脂肪、可食用的果肉。干椰子肉-“copra”-被制成椰油和椰奶。它們被廣泛用于世界各地的烹飪，并添加到化妝品中。隨著阿爾弗雷德·諾貝爾為世界帶來(lái)其基于硝化甘油的發(fā)明-炸藥，椰脂的衍生物-丙三醇-在不同領(lǐng)域取得戰(zhàn)略性的重要地位。
第5段
Their biology would appear to make coconuts the great maritime voyagers and coastal colonizers of the plant world. The large, energy-rich fruits are able to float in water and tolerate salt, but cannot remain viable indefinitely; studies suggest after about 110 days at sea they are no longer able to germinate. Literally cast onto desert island shores, with little more than sand to grow in and exposed to the full glare of the tropical sun, coconut seeds are able to germinate and root. The air pocket in the seed, created as the endosperm solidifies, protects the embryo. In addition, the fibrous fruit wall that helped it to float during the voyage stores moisture that can be taken up by the roots of the coconut seedling as it starts to grow.
椰子的生物特性似乎使其成為植物世界偉大的航海者和海岸的殖民者。富含能量的巨大果實(shí)可以漂浮在水中，并且不受鹽的影響。不過(guò)它并不能無(wú)限存活。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在海水中漂浮大約110天之后，它們就不再能發(fā)芽。即便被拋到荒島，只有沙地可以生長(zhǎng)，并暴露在威力全開(kāi)的熱帶陽(yáng)光之下，椰子種子依然可以生根發(fā)芽。種子中由于胚乳凝固而形成的氣穴可以保護(hù)胚芽。此外，在航行過(guò)程中幫助它漂浮的纖維狀果實(shí)壁儲(chǔ)存了水分。這些水分可以在椰子幼苗開(kāi)始生長(zhǎng)時(shí)被根系所吸收。
第6段
There have been centuries of academic debate over the origins of the coconut. There were no coconut palms in West Africa, the Caribbean or the east coast of the Americas before the voyages of the European explorers Vasco da Gama and Columbus in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. 16th century trade and human migration patterns reveal that Arab traders and European sailors are likely to have moved coconuts from South and Southeast Asia to Africa and then across the Atlantic to the east coast of America. But the origin of coconuts discovered along the west coast of America by 16th century sailors has been the subject of centuries of discussion. Two diametrically opposed origins have been proposed: that they came from Asia, or that they were native to America. Both suggestions have problems. In Asia, there is a large degree of coconut diversity and evidence of millennia of human use – but there are no relatives growing in the wild. In America, there are close coconut relatives, but no evidence that coconuts are indigenous. These problems have led to the intriguing suggestion that coconuts originated on coral islands in the Pacific and were dispersed from there.
關(guān)于椰子起源的學(xué)術(shù)爭(zhēng)論已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。在15世紀(jì)末和16世紀(jì)初歐洲探險(xiǎn)者達(dá)·伽馬和哥倫布航行之前，非洲西部，加勒比?；蛘呙乐迻|岸都沒(méi)有椰子樹(shù)的痕跡。16世紀(jì)的貿(mào)易和人類(lèi)遷徙模式表明，很有可能是阿拉伯商人和歐洲水手將椰子從南亞和東南亞帶往非洲，然后穿過(guò)大西洋達(dá)到美洲的東海岸。但是，16世紀(jì)水手們沿著美洲西岸發(fā)現(xiàn)的椰子源自何處成為幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)討論的主題。人們提出兩個(gè)截然相反的起源地：它們要么來(lái)自亞洲，要么是美洲的本土植物。兩種說(shuō)法都有問(wèn)題。在亞洲，椰子的多樣性程度很高，并且有數(shù)千年人類(lèi)使用的證據(jù)-但并沒(méi)有野生的親緣植物。在美洲，有跟葉子十分親近的親緣植物，但沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明椰子是本土生長(zhǎng)的。這些問(wèn)題催生出一種有趣的推斷，椰子源于太平洋中的珊瑚島，從那里散播開(kāi)來(lái)。
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