托福tpo50聽(tīng)力lecture3 American Realism

托福tpo50聽(tīng)力lecture3 American Realism，接下來(lái)就跟著中國(guó)教育在線的小編詳細(xì)了解一下吧。

American Realism托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

一、American Realism托福聽(tīng)力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a United States literature class.The professor is discussing realism.

MALE PROFESSOR:Ok，everyone，in our last class we finished up Romanticism，right? So now let’s look at something completely different.Realism as a literary technique was most popular in U.S.literature from around 1860 till 1890.So it started pretty much around the time of the Civil War.And I think you'll see right away how it's different from Romanticism，or any other kind of literature.It has a very specific point that makes it unique，and that is that it shows people as they are，and gets you to look at them，and also，you know，the things that need to be changed in a society.And it does it without being sentimental，not in that sort of overly emotional way，the way that Romantic literature can.Realism tells it like it is.

Let's look at society as a whole.In the late 1800s，people were interested in the scientific method，as well as rational philosophy—which，uh，says that people can discover the truth by using reason and factual analysis. So，reason and facts，OK.And at the same time that realism was becoming popular there were a lot of political and socioeconomic changes happening in the country.There was，uh，increased literacy，plus the growth of industrialism and urbanization，growth in population from immigration，and a rise in middle-class affluence.All these factors，combined with the importance of reason and facts，meant that readers were interested in really having a good understanding of all these uh，changes，the changes going on in society.A scholar named Amy Kaplan says，and I'm just paraphrasing here，that realism is a way to understand and deal with social change.Which makes a lot of sense，I think.So，then，let’s take a closer look at the tricks of the trade，at how realist writers did their work.For one thing，as we said，they focus on—big surprise—reality.And in great detail.They aim for verisimilitude—should I write that on the board?

FEMALE STUDENTS&MALE STUDENTS:um-hms.

MALE PROFESSOR:Ok.Verisimilitude means，basically，to seem true or real.Like，say，a photograph，rather than a painting，in a way.In fact，that's a good analogy.You see，writers tried to capture a moment in time，and all its basic facts，but without exaggeration，just like a camera does.

Anyway，the events，the things that happen in realist literature，are usually pretty much plausible，I mean，you figure they could probably happen to anyone.And the characters are believable too， and actually，they're usually even more important than the plot.They're also uh…they talk the way that real people talk，authentic speaking styles from different regions…different parts of the country were captured in the text.Does that make sense?…OK.

So，besides verisimilitude，another important characteristic of realism is the narrator's objectivity.Characters and events are described without the narrator's passing much judgment on them or anything，or being too dramatic.Basically，you're reading a story without too much extra comment from the narrator.OK.Now，we have an idea of what realism was.So，who were the players?Well，two important realist novelists were Rebecca Harding Davis and Mark Twain.We’ll talk more about other realists tomorrow，but for today let's just start by looking briefly at these two.

Rebecca Harding Davis was an author and journalist who，like other realists，was concerned about all those social changes going on.She wrote mainly about some marginalized groups of the time，like women，Native Americans，uh，immigrants.Now，her best-known book is a novella called Life in the Iron Mills.It's really a key text because it's one of the original realist works.Her works overall have been pretty much ignored for a long time，but some critics and scholars are starting to revisit them and study them more seriously，probably more for the historical aspects of the works，and...and I think that’s great.

But if we're talking about great literature，literature that's read and enjoyed today...as something more than just a way of looking at that era，the era when it was written，well，a favorite of mine is Mark Twain.I'm sure you've read or heard of his most famous book，The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.And Twain's style…it goes back to what I said earlier，verisimilitude，the realistic way characters act and talk.You should realize too that this was quite a contrast to earlier writers in the U.S.who tried to emulate British writers，tried to be very elegant—at the expense of realism.Y'know，a lot of critics will tell you that American literature began with that book—The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

二、American Realism托福聽(tīng)力中文翻譯：

旁白：聽(tīng)一段美國(guó)文學(xué)課的演講。教授正在討論現(xiàn)實(shí)主義。

男教授：好的，大家好，在上一節(jié)課上，我們完成了浪漫主義，對(duì)吧&nbsp；現(xiàn)在讓我們來(lái)看一些完全不同的東西。寫實(shí)主義作為一種文學(xué)技巧，在1860年至1890年間最受美國(guó)文學(xué)的歡迎。因此，它幾乎開(kāi)始于南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期。我想你會(huì)馬上看到它與浪漫主義或任何其他類型的文學(xué)有什么不同。它有一個(gè)非常具體的點(diǎn)，這使它獨(dú)一無(wú)二，那就是它展示了人們的現(xiàn)狀，讓你看到他們，以及，你知道的，社會(huì)中需要改變的事情。它做到了不傷感，而不是以浪漫主義文學(xué)所能做到的那種過(guò)度情緒化的方式?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義告訴我們事實(shí)。

讓我們看看整個(gè)社會(huì)。在19世紀(jì)末，人們對(duì)科學(xué)方法以及理性哲學(xué)感興趣，理性哲學(xué)說(shuō)人們可以通過(guò)理性和事實(shí)分析來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)真相&nbsp；所以，理性和事實(shí)，好吧。在現(xiàn)實(shí)主義變得流行的同時(shí)，這個(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)生了許多政治和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)變化。有，呃，識(shí)字率提高，加上工業(yè)化和城市化的發(fā)展，移民帶來(lái)的人口增長(zhǎng)，中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的富裕程度提高。所有這些因素，加上理性和事實(shí)的重要性，意味著讀者有興趣真正了解所有這些呃，變化，社會(huì)正在發(fā)生的變化。一位名叫艾米·卡普蘭（Amy Kaplan）的學(xué)者說(shuō)，我只是在這里轉(zhuǎn)述一下，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是理解和處理社會(huì)變化的一種方式。我認(rèn)為這很有道理。那么，讓我們來(lái)仔細(xì)看看這個(gè)行業(yè)的技巧，看看現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家是如何完成他們的工作的。首先，正如我們所說(shuō)，他們關(guān)注的是——令人驚訝的現(xiàn)實(shí)。而且非常詳細(xì)。他們的目標(biāo)是逼真——我應(yīng)該把它寫在黑板上嗎？

女學(xué)生和男學(xué)生：嗯，嗯。

男教授：好的?！罢鎸?shí)性”基本上是指看起來(lái)真實(shí)或真實(shí)。比如說(shuō)，一張照片，而不是一幅畫。事實(shí)上，這是一個(gè)很好的類比。你看，作家試圖捕捉一個(gè)時(shí)刻，以及它的所有基本事實(shí)，但沒(méi)有夸張，就像相機(jī)一樣。

不管怎樣，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)中發(fā)生的事件，通常都是似是而非的，我的意思是，你認(rèn)為它們可能發(fā)生在任何人身上。人物也很可信；實(shí)際上，它們通常比情節(jié)更重要。他們也呃…他們用真人說(shuō)話的方式，來(lái)自不同地區(qū)的真實(shí)說(shuō)話風(fēng)格…文本中捕捉到了這個(gè)國(guó)家的不同地區(qū)。這有意義嗎？…好啊

因此，除了逼真性，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的另一個(gè)重要特征是敘事者的客觀性。人物和事件的描述不需要敘述者對(duì)他們或任何東西做出太多的判斷，也不需要太戲劇化?；旧?，你讀的是一個(gè)故事，沒(méi)有旁白過(guò)多的額外評(píng)論。好吧?，F(xiàn)在，我們知道了什么是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義。那么，球員是誰(shuí)？?jī)晌恢匾默F(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)家是麗貝卡·哈丁·戴維斯和馬克·吐溫。明天我們將更多地討論其他現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者，但今天我們先簡(jiǎn)單地看一下這兩位。

麗貝卡·哈丁·戴維斯（Rebecca Harding Davis）是一位作家和記者，和其他現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者一樣，她關(guān)注著正在發(fā)生的所有社會(huì)變化。她主要寫一些當(dāng)時(shí)處于邊緣地位的群體，比如女性、美國(guó)原住民、移民?，F(xiàn)在，她最著名的書是一部中篇小說(shuō)《鐵廠生活》。這真的是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的文本，因?yàn)樗窃瓌?chuàng)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作品之一。很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間以來(lái)，她的作品一直被忽視，但一些評(píng)論家和學(xué)者開(kāi)始重新審視這些作品，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行更認(rèn)真的研究，可能更多的是為了作品的歷史方面，而且……我認(rèn)為這很好。

但如果我們談?wù)摰氖莻ゴ蟮奈膶W(xué)，今天閱讀和欣賞的文學(xué)……不僅僅是一種看待那個(gè)時(shí)代的方式，一個(gè)寫作的時(shí)代，我最喜歡的是馬克·吐溫。我相信你已經(jīng)讀過(guò)或聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他最著名的書《哈克貝利·費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》。吐溫的風(fēng)格……它回到了我之前說(shuō)過(guò)的，逼真，人物行為和說(shuō)話的真實(shí)方式。你也應(yīng)該意識(shí)到，這與美國(guó)早期的作家形成了鮮明的對(duì)比，他們?cè)噲D模仿英國(guó)作家，試圖以犧牲現(xiàn)實(shí)主義為代價(jià)表現(xiàn)得非常優(yōu)雅。你知道，很多評(píng)論家會(huì)告訴你，美國(guó)文學(xué)始于《哈克貝利·芬恩歷險(xiǎn)記》這本書。

三、American Realism托福聽(tīng)力問(wèn)題：

Q1:1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A.To highlight realism's causes and characteristics

B.To explore plot and character development in realist literature

C.To examine realism's contribution to social change

D.To show how two realist authors influenced literature in the United States

Q2:2.Why does the professor mention the scientific method and rational philosophy?

A.To give examples of subjects commonly chosen by realist authors

B.To provide context for his discussion of realist authors

C.To explain how the realist style had an effect in areas unrelated to literature

D.To highlight changes in society that realist authors opposed

Q3:3.According to the professor，what are three characteristics of realist literature?[Click on 3 answers.]

A.Sentimental plot structure

B.Concern for social change

C.Well-developed characters

D.Use of a narrator to complicate the plot

E.Use of regional speaking styles

Q4:4.According to the professor，what makes Life in the Iron Mills by Rebecca Harding Davis notable?

A.It is unlike her other works.

B.It led to many changes throughout society.

C.It was one of the first examples of realist literature.

D.It influenced the more famous works of Mark Twain.

Q5:5.What is the professor's opinion of the writing of Rebecca Harding Davis?

A.It is similar in quality to Mark Twain’s writing.

B.It provides valuable insight about the time period.

C.It was not successful in bringing about the changes it advocated.

D.Davis'style was not as realistic as Twain's.

Q6:6.What does the professor imply about literature in the United States prior to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?

A.It did not yet have a distinct American style.

B.Very few books were published.

C.Romanticism and realism had started to combine.

D.British authors were using realism more than American authors were.

四、American Realism托福聽(tīng)力答案：

A1:正確答案：A

A2:正確答案：B

A3:正確答案：BCE

A4:正確答案：C

A5:正確答案：B

A6:正確答案：A

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