Reindeer托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Reindeer托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Reindeer 托福聽力原文：

NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Okay, so that's how the arctic ground squirrel is able to cope in this extreme environment…Now let's talk about your reading assignment, about reindeer… also typically found in Siberia and other far-northern regions. Who’d like to start off? Yes, Mike?

MALE STUDENT: Well, for one thing, they've got thick hair all over their body, even on their noses.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Yes. They're very well insulated. And the thickness of their fur varies depending on the season. Good.  Yes.

FEMALE STUDENT: Um, newborn reindeer are very adult-like, like they can stand as soon as they're born, and by their second day they can already run as fast as a human.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Critical. Food is very scarce in the far north, so reindeer herds have to cover lots of ground, every day. And in the fall they might easily trek a thousand kilometers or more to get to their winter feeding site. So if you’re a newborn, you’ve gotta get up to speed fast. Okay. Other adaptations?

MALE STUDENT: Also, reindeer don't have to keep their legs as warm as their main body, so they don't have to use up as much energy keeping them warm.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Yes, so that means they can allocate less energy to heating their extremities, and more energy to maintaining a stable temperature in their body core, where their vital organs are located.  And you know, I don’t think it’s mentioned in your textbook, but even different parts of a reindeer's leg are adapted for optimal cold weather performance: the fat in the lower part of their legs—um, the part that gets coldest—that fat has a different chemical structure from the fat in the upper parts of the leg, so it doesn't get hard; even at temperatures down around freezing; it stays kind of gel-like, kind of oily.  Okay, good. What about food? What do you remember about that?

FEMALE STUDENT: Well, they're pretty flexible.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Okay. Can you explain that a little more?

FEMALE STUDENT: Well, they can eat a lot of different kinds of plants, so that improves their chances of coming across something they can eat. I think they said that they found that the reindeer in one herd had eaten something like 37 different kinds of plants.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Okay, yes. You’ve really done your reading. And reindeer also eat a number of different plant species that most animals are not very interested in. Which means…

FEMALE STUDENT: …they don't have a lot of competition when it comes to that food.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: That's right. In particular, your reading mentions lichens.Lichens are plants you'll find growing on rocks in the far north, sometimes referred to as “reindeer moss.” They look pretty basic, you know, just a little moss on a rock.<br>

But lichens are actually quite complex;  they’re not just a single organism,  they're actually a kind of combination of some sort of a fungus and some sort of algae that live together in a symbiotic relationship.

Anyway. Okay, reindeer. Um… Oh, yes, and one more thing about lichens; they crank out a lot of chemicals, which is probably at least part of the reason why they're not considered all that tasty by most animals.  Anyway. Does anyone remember what your reading said about them?

MALE STUDENT: Yeah, somehow, when reindeer eat lichens, they're able to draw a lot more nutrients from them than other animals. Like if a cow or a sheep eats lichens, they're only going to get like half as much nutrition out of them as a reindeer would.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: That's right, and in winter, Lichens are crucial for reindeer because they supply energy. But they don't have all the proteins and minerals the reindeer need. Um, so when reindeer get to the end of the long winter, they’re often very thin, with low levels of minerals.

In spring they have to eat different plants and replenish what they've lost over the winter. So what reindeer have done is, they’ve developed the ability to digest different plants in different seasons by adjusting the microbes in their digestive systems. As you know, microbes are microorganisms, like bacteria, that help to digest or break down food.

And well, what’s interesting about reindeer is that they change the proportion of different microbes in their digestive system. Uh, so you…so the reindeer might have more of one kind of microbe in winter to help digest the plants it eats then, and in the summer, uh, it would have more of another kind of microbe to help it digest summer plants. That way the reindeer gets more nutrition out of different foods at different times of the year.

二、Reindeer 托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在生物課上聽一節(jié)課的一部分。

女教授：好的，這就是北極地松鼠在這種極端環(huán)境下的應對能力……現(xiàn)在讓我們談談你的閱讀作業(yè)，關于馴鹿……通常也在西伯利亞和其他遙遠的北方地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)。誰想開始？什么事，邁克？

男學生：嗯，首先，他們?nèi)矶加袧饷艿念^發(fā)，甚至鼻子上也有。

女教授：是的。它們的絕緣性很好。它們的皮毛厚度因季節(jié)而異。好的對

女學生：嗯，新生的馴鹿很像成年人，它們一出生就可以站立，到第二天它們就可以跑得和人類一樣快了。

女教授：關鍵。在遙遠的北方，食物非常匱乏，因此馴鹿群每天都必須覆蓋大片土地。到了秋天，它們可能會輕松跋涉1000公里或更長的路程，到達冬季的覓食地點。所以，如果你是一個新生兒，你必須盡快適應。可以其他調(diào)整？

男學生：而且，馴鹿的腿不必像身體一樣保暖，所以它們不必消耗那么多的能量來保暖。

女教授：是的，所以這意味著他們可以分配更少的能量來加熱四肢，而更多的能量來維持身體核心（重要器官所在地）的穩(wěn)定溫度。你知道，我認為你的教科書中沒有提到，但馴鹿腿的不同部位都適合在寒冷天氣下發(fā)揮最佳性能：腿下部的脂肪，嗯，最冷的那部分脂肪的化學結(jié)構(gòu)與腿上部的脂肪不同，所以不會變硬；即使在氣溫下降到冰點附近；它有點像凝膠，有點油膩。好的，很好。食物呢？你還記得什么？

女生：嗯，它們很靈活。

女教授：好的。你能再解釋一下嗎？

女生：嗯，他們可以吃很多不同種類的植物，這樣可以提高他們遇到可以吃的東西的機會。我想他們說他們發(fā)現(xiàn)一群馴鹿吃了37種不同的植物。

女教授：好的，是的。你真的讀完了。馴鹿也吃許多大多數(shù)動物都不太感興趣的植物。這意味著…

女生：……他們在食物方面沒有太多競爭。

女教授：沒錯。特別是，你的閱讀提到地衣。地衣是生長在遙遠北方巖石上的植物，有時被稱為“馴鹿苔蘚”它們看起來很簡單，你知道，只是巖石上的一點苔蘚

但地衣實際上相當復雜；它們不僅僅是一個單一的有機體，它們實際上是某種真菌和某種藻類的組合，它們以共生關系生活在一起。

無論如何好的，馴鹿。嗯……哦，是的，還有一件關于地衣的事；它們制造出許多化學物質(zhì)，這可能至少是大多數(shù)動物認為它們沒有那么好吃的部分原因。無論如何有人記得你的閱讀中對他們說了什么嗎？

男學生：是的，不知怎么的，當馴鹿吃地衣時，它們能從地衣中吸取比其他動物更多的營養(yǎng)。就像?；蜓虺缘匾乱粯?，它們從地衣中獲得的營養(yǎng)只有馴鹿的一半。

女教授：沒錯，在冬天，地衣對馴鹿至關重要，因為它們提供能量。但它們并不具備馴鹿所需的所有蛋白質(zhì)和礦物質(zhì)。嗯，所以當馴鹿度過漫長的冬天時，它們通常很瘦，礦物質(zhì)含量很低。

在春天，它們必須吃不同的植物，補充它們在冬天失去的東西。所以馴鹿所做的是，它們通過調(diào)節(jié)消化系統(tǒng)中的微生物，在不同的季節(jié)發(fā)展了消化不同植物的能力。正如你所知，微生物是微生物，就像細菌一樣，幫助消化或分解食物。

馴鹿的有趣之處在于它們改變了消化系統(tǒng)中不同微生物的比例。呃，那么你……那么馴鹿在冬天可能會有更多的一種微生物來幫助消化它吃的植物，而在夏天，呃，它會有更多的另一種微生物來幫助消化夏天的植物。這樣，馴鹿在一年中的不同時間從不同的食物中獲得更多的營養(yǎng)。

三、Reindeer 托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A. Explanations for a recent increase in the reindeer population

B. Adaptations that enable reindeer to live in cold climates

C. Differences between newborn reindeer and adult reindeer

D. Changes in the reindeer's food supply

Q2:2.According to the professor, why is it necessary for newborn reindeer to be able to walk and run almost immediately?

A. Newborn reindeer face intense competition from older reindeer.

B. Reindeer herds have to travel long distances every day.

C. Running and walking help reindeer maintain a stable body temperature.

D. Running is the only way reindeer can protect themselves from predators.

Q3:3.What does the professor say about the lower part of a reindeer's legs?

A. It stays warmer than the upper part of the leg.

B. It is able to maintain the same temperature as the main part of the reindeer's body

C. It contains fat that changes texture at lower temperatures.

D. It contains fat that is different from the fat in the upper part of the leg.

Q4:4.What does the professor imply about lichens?

A. They need reindeer in order to survive.

B. They are more abundant than other arctic plants during the winter.

C. They are more important to cows and sheep than they are to reindeer.

D. They are the object of fierce competition among arctic animals.

Q5:5.What does the professor say about the microbes in a reindeer's digestive system?

A. Some of the microbes protect the reindeer against harmful bacteria.

B. Many of the microbes are transported into the reindeer's body on lichens that the reindeer eats.

C. The proportion of various microbes changes to accommodate changes in the reindeers diet.

D. The microbes found in a newborn reindeer's digestive system are very different from those found in an adult reindeer.

Q6:6.Why does the professor say this:

A. She wants to emphasize the importance of her previous point.

B. She wants to illustrate her previous point with an example.

C. She wants to return to the main topic of the lecture.

D. She wants to clarify her previous statement.

四、Reindeer 托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：B

A2:正確答案：B

A3:正確答案：D

A4:正確答案：B

A5:正確答案：C

A6:正確答案：C

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