劍橋雅思7Test3閱讀Passage1原文翻譯Ant Intelligence

劍橋雅思7Test3閱讀Passage1原文翻譯Ant Intelligence，今天中國教育在線就來為大家分析這個問題。

Ant Intelligence

螞蟻智能

劍橋雅思7 Test 3 Passage 1閱讀原文翻譯

第1段

When we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom,the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys.But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence.Among these,the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately,and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.

當(dāng)我們思考動物界的聰明成員時，立即想到的動物往往是猿和猴子。但事實上，昆蟲王國一些成員的社會生活足夠復(fù)雜，暗示著智力存在的證據(jù)。其中，螞蟻世界最近接受了嚴(yán)格的檢驗。參與這些調(diào)查的人完全沒有抵觸螞蟻表現(xiàn)出認(rèn)知火花的想法。

第2段

Ants store food,repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack.Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels(as in religious chants,advertising images and jingles,political slogans and martial music)to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes.The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote,‘Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment.They farm fungi,raise aphids*as livestock,launch armies to war,use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies,capture slaves,engage in child labour,exchange information ceaselessly.They do everything but watch television.

‘螞蟻儲存食物，擊退襲擊者，并在發(fā)起攻擊時使用化學(xué)信號相互聯(lián)系。這種化學(xué)交流可以與人類使用視覺和聽覺通道（例如宗教圣歌，廣告圖像和叮當(dāng)聲，政治口號和軍事音樂）進(jìn)文章來自雅思行比較，以喚起并傳播情緒和態(tài)度。生物學(xué)家路易斯·托馬斯（Lewis Thomas）寫道：“螞蟻與人類的相似程度甚至有些尷尬。他們耕種真菌，飼養(yǎng)蚜蟲作為牲畜，發(fā)動軍隊進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)爭，使用化學(xué)噴霧警告和迷惑敵人，俘虜奴隸，使用童工，不斷交流信息。他們除了看電視外什么都做。

第3段

However,in ants there is no cultural transmission everything must be encoded in the genes–whereas in humans the opposite is true.Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby,other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up.It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants.They have never mastered fire nor progressed.Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but have been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness.

“然而，螞蟻不存在文化的傳播-所有的一切都被編寫在基因之中-而人類則相反。新生嬰兒的基因只帶有基本的本能，隨著孩子的成長，他們會從社區(qū)中其他人那里學(xué)習(xí)其他技能。這種文化上的連續(xù)性似乎給了我們比螞蟻更大的優(yōu)勢。它們從來沒有掌握過火,也沒有進(jìn)步。與五千年前人類的農(nóng)業(yè)技能相比，它們的真菌和蚜蟲養(yǎng)殖操作十分復(fù)雜，但這已經(jīng)被現(xiàn)代人類農(nóng)業(yè)完全超越。

第4段

Or have they?The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable.They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy.Moreover,recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.

他們確實超過了嗎？螞蟻的耕種方法至少是可持續(xù)的。他們不會破壞環(huán)境或使用大量能源。此外，最近的證據(jù)表明，螞蟻的農(nóng)作物種植可能比人們想象的更復(fù)雜，更具有適應(yīng)性。

第5段

Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were.Ants can’t digest the cellulose in leaves–but some fungi can.The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests,bringing them leaves to feed on,and then use them as a source of food.Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as‘weeds’,and spread waste to fertilise the crop.

螞蟻在人類誕生五千萬年前就是農(nóng)民。螞蟻不能消化樹葉中的纖維素，但是一些真菌可以。因此，螞蟻在它們的巢穴中培育這些真菌，使它們以葉子為食，然后將其用作食物來源。農(nóng)民螞蟻分泌抗生素來控制其他可能跟雜草一樣的真菌，并散布垃圾作為作物的肥料。

第6段

It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated,essentially unchanged from the distant past.Not so.Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants’nests.These turned out to be highly diverse:it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species.Even more impressively,DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.

曾經(jīng)有人認(rèn)為，螞蟻培育的真菌只有一種類型，與遙遠(yuǎn)的過去相比基本上沒有變化。并非如此。馬里蘭州的烏爾里希·穆勒（Ulrich Mueller）和他的同事們對螞蟻巢中取出的862種不同類型的真菌進(jìn)行了基因檢測。結(jié)果證明它們是高度多樣化的：螞蟻似乎正在不斷馴化新物種。甚至更令人印象深刻的是，真菌的DNA分析表明，螞蟻通過與相鄰蟻群定期交換和共享菌株來改善和修正真菌。

第7段

Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles–the forcing house of intelligence–the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years,developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.

史前人類沒有接觸過城市生活方式-，而這是智力出現(xiàn)的重要推動因素，但證據(jù)表明，螞蟻在城市環(huán)境中生活了近一億年，發(fā)展并維護(hù)著擁有固定用途的房間和隧道的地下城市。

第8段

When we survey Mexico City,Tokyo,Los Angeles,we are amazed at what has been accomplished by humans.Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson’s magnificent work for ant lovers,The Ants,describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido.This‘megalopolis’was reported to be composed of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.

當(dāng)我們調(diào)查墨西哥城，東京，洛杉磯時，我們對人類所取得的成就感到驚訝。然而對螞蟻愛好者來說，Hoelldobler和Wilson宏偉的作品，The Ants，介紹了Hokkaido Ishikari海岸Formica yessensis螞蟻的超級巢穴。據(jù)報道，這個“大都市”由3.6億名工人和100萬名女王組成，它們居住在4500個相連的巢穴中，占地2.7平方公里。

第9段

Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors.We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere,dating back some 20,000 years.Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago.Beside this,prehistoric man looks technologically primitive.Is this then some kind of intelligence,albeit of a different kind?

如此持久而錯綜復(fù)雜的技術(shù)成就遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了我們遙遠(yuǎn)的祖先。我們贊揚(yáng)2萬年前法國南部和其他地區(qū)的洞穴壁畫。而螞蟻社會在七千萬多年前就以他們現(xiàn)在的形式存在。除此之外，史前人在技術(shù)上看起來很原始。盡管類型不同，這是某種智力的表現(xiàn)嗎？

第10段

Research conducted at Oxford,Sussex and Zürich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip,they navigate by integrating bearings and distances,which they continuously update in their heads.They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions,all within a framework which is consulted and updated.So ants can learn too.

牛津大學(xué)，蘇塞克斯大學(xué)和蘇黎世大學(xué)進(jìn)行的研究表明，當(dāng)沙漠螞蟻從覓食之旅中返回時，它們通過整合方位和距離來導(dǎo)航，并不斷在大腦中更新。他們將視覺地標(biāo)證據(jù)與大腦中儲存的本地方向相結(jié)合，所有這些都在一個經(jīng)過查詢和更新的框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行。所以螞蟻也可以學(xué)習(xí)。

第11段

And in a twelve-year programme of work,Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages.Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams.They engaged in contact sessions,at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do.Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been.Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues.Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a‘left-right’sequence of turns or as a‘compass bearing and distance’message.

在長達(dá)十二年的研究項目中，里亞布科和雷茲尼科娃發(fā)現(xiàn)了證據(jù)，證明螞蟻可以傳遞非常復(fù)雜的信息。在迷宮中找到食物的偵察兵返回，動員他們的覓食隊。它們進(jìn)行接觸會議。隨后，偵察員被移除，以觀察其團(tuán)隊接下來的行為。覓食者常常走到迷宮中放置食物的確切地點。研究人員采取了精心的預(yù)防措施，以防止覓食團(tuán)隊使用氣味線索?，F(xiàn)在討論的中心在于穿過迷宮的路徑究竟是通過左右轉(zhuǎn)彎序列進(jìn)行交流的，還是通過方向與距離信息來傳達(dá)的。

第12段

During the course of this exhaustive study,Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals–even without the paint spots used to mark them.It’s no surprise that Edward Wilson,in his essay,‘In the company of ants’,advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to:‘Watch where you step.Be careful of little lives.’

在這項詳盡的研究過程中，雷茲尼科娃深深地被其實驗室的螞蟻所吸引，以至于她覺得自己認(rèn)識其中的每一只-即使沒有用來標(biāo)記它們的油漆斑點。愛德華·威爾遜（Edward Wilson）在其論文“在螞蟻的陪伴下”建議那些詢問如何處理廚房中螞蟻的讀者：“注意腳下，小心這些微小的生命”。

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