雅思閱讀biological control原文翻譯

雅思閱讀biological control原文翻譯

第1段

The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive.Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders,pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant,highly lethal superbugs.

事實(shí)證明，持續(xù)不顧后果地使用合成化學(xué)品控制有害生物對農(nóng)作物和人類健康構(gòu)成威脅，并且會適得其反。除引起廣泛的生態(tài)失調(diào)外，農(nóng)藥還促成具有抗藥性和高致死性的超級害蟲的誕生。

第2段

According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation(FAO),more than 300species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals.Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests,about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.

根據(jù)糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織(FAO)的最新研究，超過300種農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲對多種強(qiáng)效化學(xué)物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生了抗藥性。更不用說傳播疾病的害蟲，其中約有100種已對目前使用的各種殺蟲劑免疫。

第3段

One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’application is that,while destroying harmful pests,they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms,which keep the growth of the pest population in check.This results in what agroecologists call the‘treadmill syndrome’.Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity,many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with built-in resistance to pesticides.

農(nóng)藥施用的一個明顯缺點(diǎn)是，在消滅有害生物的同時，它們還消滅了許多有用的非目標(biāo)生物，從而使有害生物種群的生長受到控制。這導(dǎo)致了農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)家所說的“跑步機(jī)綜合癥”。由于害蟲具有巨大的繁殖潛力和遺傳多樣性，許多害蟲都能夠抵抗合成化學(xué)物質(zhì)并生育對農(nóng)藥具有內(nèi)在抗性的后代。

第4段

The havoc that the‘treadmill syndrome’can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America.In the early 1940s,basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture,the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield.The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s,rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s,following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.

“跑步機(jī)綜合癥”可能造成的嚴(yán)重破壞已由中美洲棉農(nóng)的遭遇充分說明。20世紀(jì)40年代初期，在以化學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的集約化農(nóng)業(yè)的光輝下，農(nóng)民們熱衷于使用農(nóng)藥作為提高作物產(chǎn)量的可靠措施。20世紀(jì)40年代中期，殺蟲劑每年施用八次。20世紀(jì)50年代，由于三種新的耐化學(xué)性害蟲突然擴(kuò)散開來，該數(shù)字上升到一個季度施用28次。

第5段

By the mid-1960s,the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests,necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50%of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides.This article is from Laokaoya website.In the early 1970s,the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.

到20世紀(jì)60年代中期，情況發(fā)生了令人震驚的轉(zhuǎn)折，又爆發(fā)了4種新的害蟲，使得噴灑農(nóng)藥成為必要措施，以致于棉花生產(chǎn)中50%的經(jīng)濟(jì)支出都用在了農(nóng)藥上面。20世紀(jì)70年代初，由于基因上更強(qiáng)的昆蟲物種的入侵，農(nóng)民們被逼到極限，每個季度甚至經(jīng)常噴灑70次。

第6段

Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health,says a study by United States environmental agencies.The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.

美國環(huán)境機(jī)構(gòu)的一項(xiàng)研究表明，當(dāng)今市場上大多數(shù)農(nóng)藥對導(dǎo)致癌癥和突變的性質(zhì)以及對健康的其他不利影響存在測試不足。美國國家資源保護(hù)委員會發(fā)現(xiàn)，DDT是許多正在使用的危險化學(xué)品中受歡迎的一種。

第7段

In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides,a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control,involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population,is fast gaining popularity-though,as yet,it is a new field with limited potential.The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost,perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects.When handled by experts,bio-control is safe,non-polluting and self-dispersing.

面對無差別使用農(nóng)藥不斷加深的危險，生物控制，這一更有效和無害的生態(tài)戰(zhàn)略(選擇性害蟲種群的天敵)正迅速受到歡迎-不過，至今它仍然是一個潛力有限的新領(lǐng)域。與其他方法相比，生物控制的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于它提供了一種成本相對較低，永性久的控制系統(tǒng)，且有害副作用最小。由專家處理時，生物控制是安全、無污染、并且可以自我擴(kuò)散的。

第8段

The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control(CIBC)in Bangalore,with its global network of research laboratories and field stations,is one of the most active,non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites.CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.

班加羅爾的英聯(lián)邦生物防治學(xué)院(CIBC)與全球研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室和實(shí)地工作站都有聯(lián)系，是從事害蟲防治最活躍，非商業(yè)性的研究機(jī)構(gòu)之一。其致力于尋找使用害蟲的自然天敵。CIBC還是全球范圍內(nèi)用于蟲害控制的生物制劑進(jìn)出口的交換所。

第9段

CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil,native to Mexico,to control the obnoxious parthenium weed,known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia.Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory(RRL),supported by CIBC,is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth,another dangerous weed,which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world.According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL,‘The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.‘CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on‘disapene scale’insects–notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.

CIBC成功地使用了一種原產(chǎn)于墨西哥的食用種子的象鼻蟲來控制令人討厭的銀膠菊草。該草對印度和澳大利亞的農(nóng)業(yè)和人類健康都產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響。同樣，在CIBC的支持下，位于海得拉巴的地區(qū)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(RRL)現(xiàn)在正在嘗試一種阿根廷象鼻蟲，以根除另一種危險的雜草-水葫蘆。這種雜草已在世界許多地方成為困擾。據(jù)RRL的Kaiser Jamil女士說：“阿根廷象鼻蟲不會攻擊任何其他植物，一對成年的昆蟲可以在4-5天內(nèi)破壞雜草。CIBC還正在完善繁殖以“二萜類”昆蟲為食的寄生蟲技術(shù)。這些臭名昭著昆蟲使得美國和印度的果樹落葉。

第10段

How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples.In the late 1960s,when Sri Lanka’s flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides,a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control.A natural predator indigenous to India,Neodumetia sangawani,was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US.By using Neochetina bruci,a beetle native to Brazil,scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometrelong canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta,popularly called‘African Payal’in Kerala.About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.

以下例子證明了如何有效地實(shí)施生物防治。20世紀(jì)60年代后期，當(dāng)斯里蘭卡茂盛的椰子林被采葉類殺蟲劑所困擾時，從新加坡進(jìn)口的幼蟲寄生蟲使該害蟲得到了控制。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，印度本土的天然捕食者Neodumetia sangawani可用于控制羅得島草鱗昆蟲，該昆蟲在美國許多地方都在吞食草料?？钷r(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們使用巴西本土的甲蟲Neochetina bruci，使得一條長達(dá)12公里的運(yùn)河從喀拉拉邦的雜草(Salvinia molesta，通常被稱為“非洲Payal”)中解放出來。這種雜草在喀拉拉邦侵害了大約30,000公頃稻田。

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