托福tpo51聽力lecture3 Audubon the Famous Illustrator

托福tpo51聽力lecture3 Audubon the Famous Illustrator，那么接下來就跟著中國教育在線的小編詳細了解一下吧。

Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福聽力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.The professor has been discussing illustrated books.MALE PROFESSOR:I want to take a look at one particular book to give you an idea about what was involved in publishing illustrated books in the 1800s.The book's called The Birds of America,and the illustrator was John James Audubon.So…The Birds of America…four volumes which contained illustrations of nearly every bird in the United States:over 400 birds,all hand-colored,all painted life-sized,the larger birds printed on the largest printing paper available at that time….This required a lot of dedication,and Audubon is best remembered as an incredibly meticulous,accurate artist…a very accomplished illustrator of the natural world.

And while there were other artists working on similar projects at the same time,Audubon's book remains the most well-known and successful of its kind.But,uh,let's talk a bit about Audubon himself first.First of all,Audubon was not a traditional painter…and by this,I mean that he didn't work in oils.He preferred to use watercolor and pastel crayons,and he worked on paper instead of on canvas.The thing is,Audubon considered the illustrations in his book,not the original watercolors,to be the finished product.His watercolors were merely preparatory studies,most of which were painted while he was observing birds in the wild.These watercolors were then sent to his printer,who created the final prints for the book.And Audubon was so concerned with accuracy that he often scribbled notes to the printer around the edges of these original watercolors.In fact,you might question whether producing a work of art was even Audubon's goal.Now,when I look at an Audubon illustration,I see a work of art.But it may make more sense to consider Audubon first and foremost as a naturalist…as a scientist.See,the early nineteenth century when Audubon was painting was a time of major scientific inquiry.And an essential way of spreading scientific knowledge was through illustrated books.

FEMALE STUDENT:So what did Audubon consider himself?An artist or a scientist?MALE PROFESSOR:I'm not sure the distinction between the two was all that clear in the 1800s.I think we can accurately state that…that the driving force in his art was getting the science right.And this was perhaps a point that critics of his artwork at the time just didn't appreciate.Audubon also studied birds in ways that didn't directly inform his art.Uh,you know what bird banding is,right?A bird has a band attached to its foot so we can learn about things like migration patterns.Well,the first recorded instance of anyone doing that—it was Audubon.Another example…a common belief at the time was that vultures use their sense of smell to find food.Audubon didn't believe that,so he tested it.He put a large painting of a dead sheep in a field,and sure enough:vultures found it and started pecking at it.

Now,Audubon's work was very accurate,and we know this because we can compare his illustrations to the birds around us.But sometimes it's not possible to check.There’re actually several birds in his book that no one's ever seen.These are sometimes called Audubon's“mystery birds,”because even though he drew them,there's no evidence that they exist in the wild.

For someone who's respected as a naturalist,isn't it strange to think that he drew some birds that don't appear to be real?For example,there’s an illustration that appears to be a type of warbler—a small bird.It has a white ring around its eyes and white bars on its wings.No one’s ever seen a warbler like this,so some people wonder if Audubon maybe forgot certain details about this bird when he painted it—or that he copied another artist's work.But considering that Audubon was such a meticulous artist…well,there might be a better answer. 

Hybridization is something that's well known in birds.And it definitely explains a rather unique-looking duck Audubon painted.He himself suggested that maybe it wasn't an unknown species,but a hybrid,born from two different species.Since then,this particular crossing of species has actually been recorded,both in the wild and in captivity,so it turns out that Audubon was right,and this duck actually was a hybrid.

二、Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在藝術史課上聽講座的一部分。教授一直在討論帶插圖的書。男教授：我想看一本特別的書，讓你了解一下19世紀出版插圖書籍所涉及的內(nèi)容。這本書名叫《美國的鳥》，插圖畫家是約翰·詹姆斯·奧杜邦。所以…《美洲鳥》……四卷書中幾乎包含了美國每一只鳥的插圖：400多只鳥，全是手工著色，全是真人大小，較大的鳥印在當時可用的最大的印刷紙上…。這需要付出很多努力，奧杜邦是一位極其細致、準確的藝術家……一位非常有成就的自然世界插畫家。

雖然有其他藝術家同時從事類似的項目，但奧杜邦的書仍是同類作品中最著名、最成功的。但是，讓我們先談談奧杜邦自己。首先，奧杜邦不是一個傳統(tǒng)的畫家……我的意思是，他不畫油畫。他喜歡使用水彩和粉彩筆，他在紙上而不是畫布上工作。問題是，奧杜邦認為他的書中的插圖，而不是原來的水彩畫，是成品。他的水彩畫只是初步研究，大部分都是在野外觀察鳥類時畫的。這些水彩畫隨后被送到他的印刷廠，印刷廠為這本書制作了最后的印刷品。奧杜邦非常關注準確性，因此他經(jīng)常在這些原始水彩的邊緣向打印機潦草地寫下注釋。事實上，你可能會問，制作藝術品是否是奧杜邦的目標。現(xiàn)在，當我看一幅奧杜邦的插圖時，我看到了一件藝術品。但首先把奧杜邦看作一位博物學家……一位科學家可能更有意義?？?，十九世紀初，奧杜邦繪畫時，是一個進行重大科學研究的時代。傳播科學知識的一個基本途徑是通過插圖書籍。

女學生：那么奧杜邦認為自己是什么？藝術家還是科學家？男教授：我不確定這兩者之間的區(qū)別在19世紀是否那么明顯。我認為我們可以準確地說……他的藝術的推動力是讓科學變得正確。這可能是當時他的藝術評論家們不欣賞的一點。奧杜邦研究鳥類的方式并沒有直接影響到他的藝術。嗯，你知道什么是鳥帶，對吧？鳥的腳上系著一條帶子，這樣我們就可以了解諸如遷徙模式之類的東西。嗯，第一個記錄在案的這樣做的人是奧杜邦。另一個例子……當時人們普遍認為禿鷲利用嗅覺尋找食物。奧杜邦不相信，所以他測試了它。他把一幅大畫放在田野里，畫的是一只死羊，果然：禿鷲找到了它，開始啄食。

現(xiàn)在，奧杜邦的作品非常準確，我們知道這一點，因為我們可以將他的插圖與我們周圍的鳥類進行比較。但有時無法檢查。實際上，在他的書中有幾只鳥是沒有人見過的。這些鳥有時被稱為奧杜邦的“神秘鳥”，因為即使他畫了它們，也沒有證據(jù)表明它們在野外存在。

對于一個被尊為博物學家的人來說，想到他畫了一些看起來不真實的鳥，不是很奇怪嗎？例如，有一幅插圖似乎是一種鶯——一種小鳥。它的眼睛周圍有一個白色的環(huán)，翅膀上有白色的條。從來沒有人見過這樣的鶯，所以有些人想知道奧杜邦在畫這只鳥時是否忘記了它的某些細節(jié)，或者是他復制了另一位藝術家的作品。但考慮到奧杜邦是一位如此細致的藝術家……嗯，也許還有更好的答案；

雜交在鳥類中是眾所周知的。這無疑解釋了奧杜邦畫的一只外觀相當獨特的鴨子。他自己暗示，也許它不是一個未知物種，而是一個雜交種，來自兩個不同的物種。從那時起，無論是在野外還是在圈養(yǎng)條件下，這種特殊的物種雜交實際上都有記錄，所以結果證明奧杜邦是對的，而這只鴨子實際上是一種雜交鴨。

三、Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福聽力問題：

1.What does the professor mainly discuss?

A.The steps involved in publishing illustrated books in the 1800s

B.The influence of Audubon's The Birds of America on science in the 1800s

C.The way in which an illustrator's work has both artistic and scientific significance

D.The need for accuracy in scientific illustrations

2.According to the professor,what were two steps Audubon took in producing his illustrations?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.He studied birds in their natural habitats.

B.He tracked birds along their migration paths.

C.He closely studied other illustrated books.

D.He provided the printer with detailed instructions.

3.What does the professor imply about critics of Audubon's art?

A.They did not recognize the motivating factor in Audubon's art.

B.They did not like the stylistic changes that Audubon developed over time.

C.They were disappointed with Audubon's limited scope of subject matter.

D.They thought Audubon's use of oils was unsophisticated.

4.Why does the professor discuss Audubon's experiments with vultures and banding birds?

A.To help students understand the state of scientific knowledge at the time

B.To provide support for his view of Audubon as a naturalist

C.To suggest that Audubon was more successful as a scientist than as an illustrator

D.To give examples that show the importance of detail in Audubon's illustrations

5.What are Audubon's"mystery birds"?

A.Bird illustrations created by Audubon that have been lost

B.Bird illustrations that do not seem to match any known species

C.Bird illustrations that were painted in an uncharacteristically careless manner

D.Bird illustrations that Audubon intended to be fanciful rather than realistic

6.What does the professor believe is the most likely explanation for Audubon's warbler illustration?

A.Audubon forgot small details when he made the illustration.

B.Audubon copied the bird from another artist's drawing.

C.The bird was the offspring of two different species.

D.That particular species of warbler has since gone extinct.

四、Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：C

A2:正確答案：AD

A3:正確答案：A

A4:正確答案：B

A5:正確答案：B

A6:正確答案：C

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