劍橋雅思13Test2閱讀passage2真題+翻譯（2）

劍橋雅思13Test2閱讀passage2真題+翻譯（2） 關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題下面小編就來(lái)為各個(gè)考生解答下。

劍橋雅思13Test2閱讀passage2真題+翻譯

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

Oxytocin

催產(chǎn)素

The positive and negative effects of the chemical known as the ‘love hormone’

“愛(ài)之荷爾蒙”的積極與消極影響

There were signs of these subtleties from the start. Bartz has recently shown that in almost half of the existing research results, oxytocin influenced only certain individuals or in certain circumstances. Where once researchers took no notice of such findings, now a more nuanced understanding of oxytocin's effects is propelling investigations down new lines. To Bartz, the key to understanding what the hormone does lies in pinpointing its core function rather than in cataloguing its seemingly endless effects. There are several hypotheses which are not mutually exclusive. Oxytocin could help to reduce anxiety and fear. Or it could simply motivate people to seek out social connections. She believes that oxytocin acts as a chemical spotlight that shines on social clues - a shift in posture, a flicker of the eyes, a dip in the voice - making people more attuned to their social environment.

其實(shí)從研究之初就有這些微妙差異的表象出現(xiàn) Bartz近來(lái)指出,目前接近一半的實(shí)驗(yàn)當(dāng)中催產(chǎn)素的影響其實(shí)只作用在某些人身上,或是作用在某種特定情形中。在以往的研究者們所忽略的這些方面,現(xiàn)在對(duì)催產(chǎn)素影響更加細(xì)致入微的了解促使我們的研究走向新的方向?qū)τ?Bartz來(lái)說(shuō),了解這種荷爾蒙如何運(yùn)作的關(guān)鍵是確切地找出它的核心原理,而不是去條分綣析它的無(wú)數(shù)功效。目前已經(jīng)有了一些互不矛盾的假說(shuō)。催產(chǎn)素可以減少焦慮和恐懼。或是說(shuō)它可以促使人們?nèi)で笊鐣?huì)聯(lián)系她認(rèn)為,催產(chǎn)素像一個(gè)化學(xué)探照燈一樣,會(huì)聚焦在一些社交元素上,如一個(gè)小動(dòng)作、眼神的忽閃、聲音的壓低,都能讓人們能更好地適應(yīng)社交環(huán)境。這也能解釋為什么它能讓我們更容易讀懂別人的眼神,提高我們察覺(jué)情緒的能力。但是,對(duì)于那些過(guò)度敏感或者易于負(fù)面解讀社交信號(hào)的人來(lái)說(shuō),它也能讓事情變得更糟糕。

This would explain why it makes us more likely to look others in the eye and improves our ability to identify emotions. But it could also make things worse for people who are overly sensitive or prone to interpreting social cues in the worst light. Perhaps we should not be surprised that the oxytocin story has become more perplexing. The hormone is found in everything from octopuses to sheep, and its evolutionary roots stretch back half a billion years. 'It's a very simple and ancient molecule that has been co-opted for many different functions,，says Sue Carter at the University of Illinois, Chicago, USA. ‘It affects primitive parts of the brain like the amygdala, so it's going to have many effects on just about everything.' Bartz agrees. ‘Oxytocin probably does some very basic things, but once you add our higher-order thinking and social situations, these basic processes could manifest in different ways depending on individual differences and context.’

F 或許對(duì)于催產(chǎn)素的復(fù)雜作用我們不必過(guò)于驚訝。這種荷爾蒙在各種生物中皆有發(fā)現(xiàn),從章魚(yú)到山羊,它的進(jìn)化可追溯到將近5億年前:“這是種非常原始、古老的分子,能和不同物質(zhì)結(jié)合做各種功用,”美國(guó)芝加哥伊利諾斯大學(xué)的 Sue carter說(shuō)?！八茏笥椅覀兇竽X中的原始區(qū)域,例如杏仁核,所以它基本上能影響所有事情?！?Bartz表示同意?！按弋a(chǎn)素可能做的事情都很基礎(chǔ),但你一旦把它與我們(人類(lèi))更的思維方式與社交活動(dòng)聯(lián)系起來(lái),這些基礎(chǔ)的過(guò)程就會(huì)因人而異,視環(huán)境而定,展現(xiàn)出多種多樣的反應(yīng)”。

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