Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

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Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福聽力原文：

Every culture has some set of rituals associated with death.These rituals serve an important function,and are a way for societies to control the grief caused by death.Death rituals give the bereaved family and friends specific roles to play.The roles differ from one culture to another;however,in every culture the roles sort of give shape to the days and weeks following the death of a loved one.Death rituals prescribe what the family should wear,who should be called,what behavior should be shown,and so on.

Depending on the family’s religion,they may need to gather friends and family for a wake,arrange to sit shiva,or arrange a memorial service.There are different cultural expectations for how the bereaved persons should act.They may be expected to show little emotion,or they may be expected to scream and tear their hair.

The rituals also have roles for friends,who often act as support givers.For example,friends may bring food to the home of the bereaved family,or drop in to offer help,or send flowers or sympathy cards.Whatever the social rules are,everyone has a role to fill.Death rituals can strengthen family connections.Funerals bring family members together,just like weddings do.Rituals can also give meaning to the death by emphasizing the life of the person who died.A funeral or memorial service usually includes some sort of biography or personal memories of the person.Most people feel that it’s extremely important to review the deceased person’s life.Reviewing the life and accomplishments of the loved one—sharing stories and memories with family and friends—this makes the death easier for the survivors to accept.

But when the funeral or memorial service is over,what happens then?How do the survivors cope with the loss of a spouse,a parent,a child,a friend,or a lover?Once past the rituals,the grieving person moves through a complex grief process.

One theory states that there are four stages of grieving:numbness,yearning,despair,and reorganization.In the first stage,the bereaved person feels numbness—a lack of feeling.Or he or she feels shock,disbelief,confusion,a sense of unreality—normally lasting a few days after the death.In the second stage—yearning—the bereaved person yearns for and may actively search for the lost one.This is a time of anxiety and guilt,fear and anger.The third stage is when the person feels great despair,exhaustion,depression,or withdrawal.He or she may feel disorganized and unable to do normal activities.Finally,in the fourth stage—reorganization—the person takes control of his or her life again.This is a time of healing.The person feels energy again,takes up normal activities again,and finds new relationships.

The four stages of grieving—numbness,yearning,despair,and reorganization—are not the same for everyone,nor does everyone necessarily go through every stage.The stage theory is just one of many models that psychologists use to help people manage the loss of a loved one.

二、Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福聽力中文翻譯：

每種文化都有一些與死亡有關(guān)的儀式。這些儀式起著重要的作用，是社會(huì)控制死亡帶來的悲傷的一種方式。死亡儀式賦予失去親人的家人和朋友特定的角色。不同文化的角色不同；然而，在每一種文化中，角色都會(huì)在某種程度上影響親人去世后的幾天和幾周。死亡儀式規(guī)定了家人應(yīng)該穿什么，應(yīng)該叫誰，應(yīng)該表現(xiàn)出什么行為，等等。

根據(jù)家庭的宗教信仰，他們可能需要召集朋友和家人守靈，安排坐濕婆，或安排追悼會(huì)。對(duì)于喪親者應(yīng)該如何行動(dòng)，有不同的文化期望。他們可能會(huì)表現(xiàn)出很少的情緒，也可能會(huì)尖叫并撕裂頭發(fā)。

這些儀式也有朋友的作用，他們通常充當(dāng)支持者。例如，朋友可能會(huì)把食物帶到喪親之家，或者來幫忙，或者送花或慰問卡。無論社會(huì)規(guī)則是什么，每個(gè)人都有自己的角色。死亡儀式可以加強(qiáng)家庭聯(lián)系。葬禮將家人聚集在一起，就像婚禮一樣。儀式也可以通過強(qiáng)調(diào)死者的生命來賦予死亡以意義。葬禮或追悼會(huì)通常包括死者的傳記或個(gè)人記憶。大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為回顧死者的一生極其重要?；仡櫽H人的一生和成就，與家人和朋友分享故事和回憶，這會(huì)讓幸存者更容易接受死亡。

但當(dāng)葬禮或追悼會(huì)結(jié)束后，會(huì)發(fā)生什么？幸存者如何應(yīng)對(duì)失去配偶、父母、孩子、朋友或愛人的情況？一旦通過了儀式，悲傷的人就會(huì)經(jīng)歷一個(gè)復(fù)雜的悲傷過程。

有一種理論認(rèn)為，悲傷有四個(gè)階段：麻木、渴望、絕望和重組。在第一階段，失去親人的人感到麻木——缺乏感覺?；蛘咚蛩械秸痼@、難以置信、困惑，一種通常在去世后幾天持續(xù)的不真實(shí)感。在第二個(gè)階段，失去親人的人渴望并可能積極尋找失去的人。這是一個(gè)充滿焦慮、內(nèi)疚、恐懼和憤怒的時(shí)期。第三階段是患者感到極度絕望、疲憊、抑郁或退縮。他或她可能會(huì)感到雜亂無章，無法進(jìn)行正?；顒?dòng)。最后，在第四階段的重組中，這個(gè)人再次掌控了自己的生活。這是一個(gè)治愈的時(shí)刻。這個(gè)人再次感受到能量，重新開始正常的活動(dòng)，并找到新的關(guān)系。

悲傷、麻木、渴望、絕望和重組這四個(gè)階段對(duì)每個(gè)人來說都不一樣，也不一定每個(gè)人都會(huì)經(jīng)歷每一個(gè)階段。階段理論只是心理學(xué)家用來幫助人們管理失去親人的眾多模型之一。

三、Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What topics does the professor discuss?

Click on two answers.

A.Social roles for grieving family and friends

B.Important events in the life of every family

C.Stages in the process of grieving a loss

D.Songs and prayers that are used at funerals

Q2:2.According to the professor,what important function do death rituals serve?

A.They explain the medical causes of a person’s death.

B.They allow friends and family to get to know each other.

C.They help people accept practices of different cultures.

D.They provide a way to manage the grief caused by death.

Q3:3.Why does the professor say this:

A.To explain why people need to talk to psychologists

B.To give examples of cultural differences in grieving

C.To show that death causes people to do strange things

D.To describe the final stage in the process of grieving

Q4:4.According to the professor,why do death rituals include roles for friends?

A.Friends are more creative in performing rituals.

B.Friends give support and comfort to the family.

C.Friends are expected to pay the funeral expenses.

D.Friends experience less grief than the family does.

Q5:5.What does the professor imply about funerals and memorial services?

A.They are becoming a major expense for bereaved families.

B.They include three days of fasting and silent prayer.

C.They are part of a growing industry associated with death.

D.They help make the person’s life and death meaningful.

四、Death Rituals and Stages of Grieving托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：AC

A2:正確答案：D

A3:正確答案：B

A4:正確答案：B

A5:正確答案：D

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