劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage2真題翻譯(1)

劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage2真題翻譯(1) 關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題下面小編就來(lái)為各個(gè)考生解答下。

劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

“嬰兒腔”對(duì)嬰兒大腦發(fā)育的促進(jìn)

The typical way of talking to a baby 一 high-pitched, exaggerated and repetitious 一 is a source of fascination for linguists who hope to understand how 'baby talk’ impacts on learning. Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that infants are listening to adult speech as early as 10 weeks before being born, gathering the basic building blocks of their family's native tongue.

通常人們向嬰兒說(shuō)話(huà)的方式——即高調(diào)門(mén)、夸張、重復(fù)——一直讓語(yǔ)言學(xué)家們感到興奮,他們想理解“嬰兒腔”是如何影響學(xué)習(xí)行為的。多數(shù)嬰兒在尚未出生時(shí)便開(kāi)始發(fā)育聽(tīng)覺(jué)能力,這促使許多望子成龍的家長(zhǎng)們會(huì)對(duì)著隆起的孕腹播放古典音樂(lè)。甚至有研究指出,嬰兒在出生前10周便開(kāi)始聽(tīng)成人說(shuō)話(huà),這為他們掌握家族的母語(yǔ)積累了素材。

Early language exposure seems to have benefits to the brain — for instance, studies suggest that babies raised in bilingual homes are better at learning how to mentally prioritize information. So how does the sweet if sometimes absurd sound of infantdirected speech influence a baby’s development? Here are some recent studies that explore the science behind baby talk.

較早接觸語(yǔ)言似乎能讓大腦受益——例如,研究表明在雙語(yǔ)環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)的嬰兒更善于學(xué)習(xí)如何在頭腦中優(yōu)化信息處理。那么對(duì)嬰兒說(shuō)出甜蜜的(有時(shí)甚至是荒謬可笑的)腔調(diào)又是如何影響嬰兒的成長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的呢?以下這些近期的研究探討了“嬰兒腔”背后的科學(xué)道理。

Fathers don’t use baby talk as often or in the same ways as mothers - and that’s perfectly OK, according to a new study. Mark Van Dam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day. ‘We found that moms do exactly what you'd expect and what’s been described many times over,’ Van Dam explains. ‘But we found that dads aren't doing the same thing. Dads didn't raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.，Their role may be rooted in what is called the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they'll hear in public. The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,' says VanDam.

據(jù)一項(xiàng)研究表明,父親們通常不像母親們那樣頻繁地或類(lèi)似地使用“嬰兒腔”這一點(diǎn)毫無(wú)問(wèn)題。華盛頓州立大學(xué)(斯波坎)的馬克·凡丹姆及其同事們給一些父母?jìng)冄b上了錄音裝置及聲音識(shí)別軟件,以研究他們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪惺侨绾闻c嬰兒進(jìn)行互動(dòng)的。他說(shuō):“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)母親們的所作所為與人們所想的完全一樣,也是人們多次重申過(guò)的。但我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)父親們很少這樣做。父親們跟嬰兒說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)通常不會(huì)提高聲調(diào)或頻率?！彼麄兊慕巧蛟S植根于所謂的“橋梁假說(shuō)”,這要追溯到1975年。這一假說(shuō)認(rèn)為父親們之所以使用不那么親密的語(yǔ)言,是為了讓孩子街接在公眾場(chǎng)合聽(tīng)到的聲音。他說(shuō):“這個(gè)假說(shuō)就是讓孩子與母親練習(xí)一種語(yǔ)言,而與父親練習(xí)另一種語(yǔ)言,這樣孩子就能有更廣泛的語(yǔ)言?xún)?chǔ)備。”

Scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut collected thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour day. The study found that the more baby talk parents used, the more their youngsters began to babble. And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status. Those children who listened to a lot of baby talk were talking more than the babies that listened to moreadult talk or standard speech,，says Nairan Ramfrez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut. ‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-on-one context,' she adds. The more parents use baby talk one-on-one, the more babies babble, and the more they babble, the more words they produce later in life;

來(lái)自華盛頓大學(xué)和康涅狄格大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們收集了數(shù)千份父母與孩子間的對(duì)話(huà),時(shí)長(zhǎng)均為30秒,他們給孩子們穿上帶有錄音設(shè)備的馬甲,能在日常的每天8小時(shí)的時(shí)間里收集語(yǔ)言和聲音。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)父母用的“嬰兒腔”越多,他們的孩子就越開(kāi)始說(shuō)話(huà)。而且當(dāng)研究者們?cè)诤⒆?歲再次探訪(fǎng)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),頻繁使用“嬰兒腔極大地提高了嬰兒的詞匯量,無(wú)論他們的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)階層如何康涅狄格大你竹倫·拉米茲·伊斯帕扎說(shuō):“聽(tīng)‘?huà)雰呵弧容^多的嬰兒說(shuō)話(huà)多于聽(tīng)成人腔或正常名;話(huà)的嬰兒」我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)是否在一對(duì)一的情況下使用‘?huà)雰呵弧@一點(diǎn)也很關(guān)鍵。父母越頻繁地一對(duì)一使用‘?huà)雰呵?#39;,嬰兒就越頻繁地牙牙學(xué)語(yǔ),而他們學(xué)得越多,他們?cè)诮窈蟮纳钪芯蜁?huì)使用更多的詞。”

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