The Evolution of Home Design托福紅Delta聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

2023-06-19 09:40:24 來源：中國教育在線

The Evolution of Home Design托福紅Delta聽力原文翻譯及問題答案，今天中國教育在線就來為大家分析這個問題。

一、The Evolution of Home Design托福聽力原文：

Human beings,like all animals,are territorial.The center of our territory is the home.Think about it.The home is where we spend most of our time.We begin and end our day there.We eat and sleep and bathe...and relax...and play with our children there...and are most comfortable there.We keep our possessions there.We furnish our homes as an expression of our taste.We say—and generally believe—that“There’s no place like home”and"Home is where the heart is.”

The human habit of building homes has a long history.Anthropologists think home building began with very simple round huts,similar to the shelters still built in parts of Africa today.Round huts probably started out like this:tree branches were leaned up against one another like the ribs of an umbrella;then the frame was covered with leaves or animal skins.

It’s from these round,tent-like structures that the first solid dwellings probably evolved.As the tents became larger and more elaborate,they became the center of family life,and the place where the family’s possessions could be kept.In other words,these structures became home,the heart of the human territory.Round huts progressed from being temporary shelters,made of wood and skins and leaves,into stronger,more permanent structures built of stone.

But even though stone structures were stronger,there was still a problem:the round shape made it difficult to combine it with other structures.This difficulty was overcome with the development of the cube,or box shape.The box shape was a major development in home construction.By making the sides of the house rectangular,and then covering the four walls with a roof,it was possible to place structures next to one another,and to join them with doorways.Thus,the room was invented.

After the room came the multi-unit dwelling:the apartment house.Nearly ten thousand years ago,this method of building led to the construction of clusters of rectangular buildings that made up the first complex human settlements.Today the box shape not only survives but also remains the basis of our domestic dwellings.

The homes of today still contain some ancient features.Around the house itself there’s an outer perimeter—the symbolic boundary of the ancient home territory.Today the boundary is often marked by a barrier,like a fence,a wall,or a hedge.Inside the boundary,we find the yard—where we keep our dogs—and the garden,where we—like our ancestors—grow a few fruits and vegetables.We surround our home with a grass lawn,like our ancestors surrounded theirs with pastures for their livestock.

Today,humans are more sociable than in ancient times,and so we allow others to enter the home territory,especially the outer boundary.For example,we let people bring letters and packages to our door.Sometimes we let outsiders enter the first of the private areas,the hallway,which is inside the solid wall of the home itself.But beyond the hallway,there are more boundaries.Each room you come to becomes more private and less available to outsiders.

Guests are allowed to enter the living room.Closer friends can go farther.We tell our closest friends to“make yourself at home”and allow them into the rooms where we cook and eat and pursue our hobbies.But...up the stairs...or down the hall...somewhere less accessible in our home—this is where we find the bedrooms and bathrooms,the most private rooms of our home.These rooms are where we,the owners of the territory,feel most secure.This is where we retreat,like any animal to its den,whenever we are at our most vulnerable—for example,when we’re sleeping,bathing,or when we’re sick.

二、The Evolution of Home Design托福聽力中文翻譯：

人類和所有動物一樣，都是領土性的。我們領土的中心是家園。想想看。家是我們度過大部分時間的地方。我們在那里開始和結束我們的一天。我們吃飯睡覺洗澡。。。放松點。。。和我們的孩子一起玩。。。而且在那里最舒服。我們把我們的財產放在那里。我們布置房屋是為了表達我們的品味。我們說并普遍認為“沒有比家更好的地方”和“家就是心所在的地方”

人類建造房屋的習慣由來已久。人類學家認為，房屋的建造始于非常簡單的圓形小屋，類似于今天仍在非洲部分地區(qū)建造的避難所。圓形小屋可能是這樣開始的：樹枝像雨傘的肋骨一樣互相靠著；然后用樹葉或獸皮覆蓋框架。

可能正是從這些圓形帳篷狀結構中進化出了第一批堅固的住宅。隨著帳篷變得越來越大，越來越精致，它們成為家庭生活的中心，也是存放家庭財產的地方。換句話說，這些建筑成為了家園，人類領土的心臟。圓形小屋從木材、獸皮和樹葉制成的臨時住所，發(fā)展成為更堅固、更永久的石頭結構。

但是，盡管石頭結構更堅固，但仍然存在一個問題：圓形使其難以與其他結構相結合。立方體或長方體形狀的發(fā)展克服了這一困難。箱形是房屋建筑的一大發(fā)展。通過將房屋兩側做成長方形，然后用屋頂覆蓋四壁，可以將結構彼此相鄰，并將其與門口連接起來。于是，房間被發(fā)明了。

房間之后是多單元住宅：公寓。近萬年前，這種建筑方法導致了矩形建筑群的建造，構成了第一個復雜的人類住區(qū)。今天，盒子形狀不僅幸存下來，而且仍然是我們家庭住宅的基礎。

今天的房屋仍有一些古老的特征。房子周圍有一個外圍，這是古老家園的象征性邊界。今天，邊界通常以柵欄、墻或樹籬等障礙物為標志。在邊界內，我們找到了養(yǎng)狗的院子和花園，在那里我們像祖先一樣種植了一些水果和蔬菜。我們的家周圍是一片草地，就像我們的祖先用牧場圍住他們的家畜一樣。

今天，人類比古代更善于交際，因此我們允許他人進入自己的領地，尤其是外部邊界。例如，我們讓人們把信件和包裹帶到門口。有時我們會讓外人進入第一個私人區(qū)域，即走廊，它位于房屋本身的實心墻內。但在走廊之外，還有更多的邊界。你來到的每一個房間都變得更加私密，對外人來說也變得不那么方便了。

客人可以進入客廳。親密的朋友可以走得更遠。我們告訴我們最親密的朋友“不要拘束”，讓他們進入我們做飯、吃飯和追求我們愛好的房間。但是上樓。。?；蛘哐刂髲d。。。在我們家中不太容易到達的地方，我們可以在這里找到臥室和浴室，這是我們家中最私密的房間。這些房間是我們領土的所有者感到最安全的地方。這就是我們撤退的地方，就像任何動物一樣，在我們最脆弱的時候，例如，當我們睡覺、洗澡或生病的時候。

三、The Evolution of Home Design托福聽力問題：

Q1:What is the main purpose of the talk?

A.To explain why anthropologists study the home

B.To describe how early people built shelters

C.To trace the evolution of home design

D.To evaluate various home-building materials

Q2:The professor briefly describes developments in home building.Put the developments in the order in which they occurred.

Drag each answer to the space where it belongs.

A.Round structure built of stone

B.Building with multiple living units

C.Round hut made of branches and leaves

D.Box-shaped structure with four walls