Prehistoric Art Dating托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Prehistoric Art Dating托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Prehistoric Art Dating托福聽力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

Male Professor:Good morning.Ready to continue our review of prehistoric art?Um,today we’ll be covering the Upper Paleolithic period—um,which I'm roughly defining as the period from 35,000 to 8,000 B.C.Um,a lot of those cave drawings you’ve all seen come from this period,uh,

but we'll also be talking about portable works of art—uh,things that could be carried around from place to place.Here's one example.This sculpture is called“The Lady with the Hood,”and it was carved from ivory,probably a,a mammoth's tusk.Its age is a bit of a mystery.According to one source,it dates from,um,22,000 B.C.,but other sources claim it’s been dated closer to 30,000 B.C.Um,Amy?

Female Student:Why don't we know the exact date when this…h(huán)ead was made?

Male Professor:That’s a fair question.We’re talking about prehistory here—uh,so,obviously,the artists didn’t put a,a signature or a date on anything they did.So,how do we know when this figure was carved?

Male Student:Last semester,I took an archaeology class,and we spent a lot of time on,uh,studying ways to date things.One technique I remember was,um,using the location of an object to date it.Like how deep was it buried.Male Professor:That would be stratigraphy.Stratigraphy is used for dating portable art.When archaeologists are digging at a site,they make very careful notes about which stratum—which layer of earth—they find things in.And,you know,the general rule is that the oldest layers are at the lowest level.But this only works if the site hasn’t been touched and the layers are intact.

Um,a problem with this dating method is that an object could have been carried around...used for several generations before it was discarded.So,it might be much older than the layer,or even the site,where it was found.The,uh,the stratification technique gives us the minimum age of an object,which isn’t necessarily its,its true age.Uh,Tom,in your archaeology class,did you talk about radiocarbon dating?

Male Student:Yeah,we did.Um,that had to do with,uh,chemical analysis.Something to do with measuring the amount of radiocarbon that’s left in,oh,organic stuff.Because we know how fast radiocarbon decays,we can figure out the age of the organic material.

Male Professor:The key word there is“organic.”Is art made of organic material?Male Student:Well,you said“The Lady with the Hood”was carved out of ivory—that's organic.Male Professor:Absolutely.Any other examples?Female Student:Well,when they did those cave drawings,didn't they use,like,charcoal?Or maybe colors...dyes made from plants?

Male Professor:Fortunately they did,a-at least some of the time.So,it turns out that radiocarbon dating works for a lot of prehistoric art.Uh,but again,there's a problem.Um,this technique destroys what it analyzes,so ya-you have to chip off bits of the object for testing.Obviously,we’re reluctant to do that in some cases.And,and apart from that,there's,there's another problem:the,the date tells you the age of the material—say,a bone or,or a tree—the,the object is made from,but,but not the date when the artist actually created it.So with radiocarbon dating,we get the maximum possible age for the object,but it could be younger.OK,um,let's say our scientific analysis has produced an age range,can we narrow it down?

Female Student:Um,could we look for similar styles or motifs?You know,try to find things common to one time period.

Male Professor:We do that all the time,and when we see similarities in pieces of art,we assume some connection in,in time or place.But...but is it possible that we could be imposing our own values on that analysis?Male Student:I'm sorry,I don’t get your point.

Male Professor:Um,well,we have all kinds of preconceived ideas about how artistic styles developed.For example,a,a lot of people think the presence of details demonstrates that the work was done by a more sophisticated artist while,um,a lack of details suggests a,a primitive style.But trends in art in the last century or so certainly challenge that idea.

Don't get me wrong,though,um,analyzing the styles of prehistoric artifacts can help dating them,but we need to be careful with the idea that,um,artistic development occurs in,in a straight line from simple to complex representations.Female Student:What you’re saying is...I mean,I get the feeling that this is like a legal process,like building a legal case.The more pieces of evidence we have,the closer we get to the truth.

Male Professor:Great analogy.And now you can see why we don't have an exact date for our sculpture“The Lady with the Hood.”

二、Prehistoric Art Dating托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在藝術史課上聽一節(jié)課的一部分。

男教授：早上好。準備好繼續(xù)我們對史前藝術的回顧了嗎？嗯，今天我們將討論舊石器時代晚期，我大致將其定義為公元前35000年至8000年。嗯，你們看到的很多洞穴繪畫都來自這一時期，呃，

但我們也將討論便攜式藝術品，呃，可以從一個地方帶到另一個地方的東西。這里有一個例子。這件雕塑被稱為“戴頭巾的女士”，它是用象牙雕刻的，可能是猛犸象的象牙。它的年齡有點神秘。根據(jù)一個消息來源，它的年代是，呃，公元前22000年，但其他消息來源聲稱它的年代更接近公元前30000年，艾米？

女學生：為什么我們不知道這個……頭的確切日期？

男教授：這是一個公平的問題。我們這里談論的是史前史，所以，很明顯，藝術家們沒有在他們所做的任何事情上簽名或日期。那么，我們怎么知道這尊雕像是什么時候刻的呢？

男學生：上學期，我上了一堂考古學課，我們花了很多時間，呃，研究確定年代的方法。我記得的一種技術是，嗯，利用物體的位置來確定日期。比如它埋得有多深。男教授：那就是地層學。地層學用于測定便攜式藝術品的年代。當考古學家在遺址挖掘時，他們會非常仔細地記錄下他們在哪一層土壤中發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西。而且，你知道，一般的規(guī)則是，最古老的層位于最低層。但這只有在網(wǎng)站沒有被觸碰并且圖層完好無損的情況下才有效。

嗯，這種測年方法的一個問題是，可能有物體被帶在周圍。。。在被丟棄之前已經(jīng)使用了好幾代。因此，它可能比發(fā)現(xiàn)它的所在層，甚至是所在地要古老得多。分層技術給了我們一個物體的最小年齡，它不一定是它的，它的真實年齡。呃，湯姆，在你的考古學課上，你談過放射性碳年代測定嗎？

男學生：是的，是的。這和化學分析有關。與測量有機物中殘留的放射性碳量有關。因為我們知道放射性碳的衰變速度，所以我們可以計算出有機物質(zhì)的年齡。

男教授：這里的關鍵詞是“有機”藝術是由有機材料制成的嗎？男學生：嗯，你說“戴頭巾的女士”是用有機象牙雕刻而成的。男教授：當然。還有其他例子嗎？女學生：嗯，當他們畫那些洞穴的時候，他們不是用了木炭嗎？或者可能是顏色。。。植物制成的染料？

男教授：幸運的是，至少有一段時間他們做到了。所以，放射性碳年代測定對許多史前藝術都有效。呃，但還是有個問題。嗯，這項技術破壞了它所分析的內(nèi)容，所以你必須切掉一些對象進行測試。顯然，在某些情況下，我們不愿意這樣做。除此之外，還有另一個問題：日期告訴你材料的年齡，比如骨頭或樹，物體是由什么制成的，但不是藝術家實際創(chuàng)作的日期。因此，通過放射性碳年代測定，我們可以得到物體的最大可能年齡，但它可能更年輕。好吧，嗯，假設我們的科學分析得出了年齡范圍，我們能縮小它嗎？

女學生：嗯，我們可以找相似的樣式或圖案嗎？你知道，試著找出一個時間段的共同點。

男教授：我們一直都是這樣做的，當我們看到藝術作品中的相似之處時，我們會假設在時間或地點上存在某種聯(lián)系。但是但是，我們是否有可能將自己的價值觀強加給這種分析？男學生：對不起，我不明白你的意思。

男教授：嗯，我們對藝術風格的發(fā)展有各種先入為主的看法。例如，很多人認為細節(jié)的存在表明這件作品是由一位更老練的藝術家完成的，而缺乏細節(jié)則意味著一種原始的風格。但上個世紀左右的藝術趨勢肯定會挑戰(zhàn)這一觀點。

別誤會，雖然，嗯，分析史前文物的風格有助于確定它們的年代，但我們需要注意的是，嗯，藝術的發(fā)展是在，從簡單到復雜的表現(xiàn)方式之間的直線上發(fā)生的。女生：你的意思是。。。我的意思是，我覺得這就像一個法律程序，就像建立一個法律案件。我們掌握的證據(jù)越多，就越接近真相。

男教授：很好的類比?，F(xiàn)在你可以明白為什么我們的雕塑“戴兜帽的女士”沒有確切的日期了

三、Prehistoric Art Dating托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the talk mainly about?

A.Techniques for locating archaeological sites

B.Methods of preserving archaeological sites

C.Limitations of some techniques for dating artifacts

D.Difficulties in determining where artifacts were created

Q2:2.According to the professor when might stratigraphy provide misleading information about a portable object?

A.When the object has decomposed over time

B.When the object is older than the site at which it was found

C.When the object is found in the lowest soil layer of a site

D.When the object was broken during excavation

Q3:3.What are two disadvantages of radiocarbon dating?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.It cannot be used for dating art made of organic material.

B.It causes damage to the material being analyzed.

C.It can be used for dating only portable art.

D.It cannot prove when a piece of art was made.

Q4:4.What is the professor's opinion about the practice of dating a piece of art by analyzing its artistic style?

A.It provides the strongest type of dating evidence.

B.It is more useful for some types of art than others.

C.Use of the practice has improved over the last century.

D.Some analysts make questionable assumptions when using it.

Q5:5.How does the woman summarize the professor’s main point in the talk?

A.By drawing a parallel with a process common to the legal field

B.By repeating a comment the professor made at the beginning of class

C.By referring to a study that supports the professor s theory

D.By comparing the professor's remarks with statements in the textbook

Q6:play6.Why does the professor say this:

A.To make the point that written records are not important.

B.To explain why the question is worth discussing.

C.To justify the omission of an important point.

D.To express his opinion about the quality of prehistoric art.

四、Prehistoric Art Dating托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：C

A2:正確答案：B

A3:正確答案：BD

A4:正確答案：D

A5:正確答案：A

A6:正確答案：B

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