托福閱讀真題Official 54 Passage 2（六）

托福閱讀真題Official 54 Passage 2（六）

Overkill of the North American Megafauna

Thousands of years ago,in North America’s past,all of its megafauna—large mammals such as mammoths and giant bears—disappeared.One proposed explanation for this event is that when the first Americans migrated over from Asia,they hunted the megafauna to extinction.These people,known as the Clovis society after a site where their distinctive spear points were first found,would have been able to use this food source to expand their population and fill the continent rapidly.Yet many scientists argue against this“Pleistocene,the period between about 2.5 million and 11,700 years ago during which humans first appeared on Earth,overkill”hypothesis.Modern humans have certainly been capable of such drastic effects on animals,but could ancient people with little more than stone spears similarly have caused the extinction of numerous species of animals.Thirty-five genera or groups of species(and many individual species)suffered extinction in North America around 11,000 B.C.,soon after the appearance and expansion of Paleo-Indians,a group of hunters active in America during the late Pleistocene,throughout the Americas(27 genera disappeared completely,and another 8 became locally extinct,surviving only outside North America).

Although the climate changed at the end of the Pleistocene,warming trends had happened before.A period of massive extinction of large mammals like that seen about 11,000 years ago had not occurred during the previous 400,000 years,despite these changes.The only apparently significant difference in the Americas 11,000 years ago was the presence of human hunters of these large mammals.Was this coincidence or cause-and-effect?

We do not know.Ecologist Paul S.Martin has championed the model that associates the extinction of large mammals at the end of the Pleistocene with human predation.With researcher J.E.Mosimann,he has co-authored a work in which a computer model showed that in around 300 years,given the right conditions,a small influx of hunters into eastern Beringia 12,000 years ago could have spread across North America in a wave and wiped out game animals to feed their burgeoning population.

The researchers ran the model several ways,always beginning with a population of 100 humans in Edmonton,in Alberta,Canada,at 11,500 years ago.Assuming different initial North American big-game-animal populations(75–150 million animals)and different population growth rates for the human settlers(0.65%–3.5%),and varying kill rates,Mosimann and Martin derived figures of between 279 and 1,157 years from initial contact to big-game extinction.

Many scholars continue to support this scenario.For example,geologist Larry Agenbroad has mapped the locations of dated Clovis sites alongside the distribution of dated sites where the remains of wooly mammoths have been found in both archaeological and purely paleontological contexts.These distributions show remarkable synchronicity(occurrence at the same time).

There are,however,many problems with this model.Significantly,though a few sites are quite impressive,there really is very little archaeological evidence to support it.Writing in 1982,Martin himself admitted the paucity of evidence;for example,at that point,the remains of only 38 individual mammoths had been found at Clovis sites.In the years since,few additional mammoths have been added to the list;there are still fewer than 20 Clovis sites where the remains of one or more mammoths have been recovered,a minuscule proportion of the millions that necessarily would have had to have been slaughtered within the overkill scenario.

Though Martin claims the lack of evidence actually supports his model—the evidence is sparse because the spread of humans and the extinction of animals occurred so quickly—this argument seems weak.And how could we ever disprove it.As archaeologist Donald Grayson points out,in other cases where extinction resulted from the quick spread of human hunters—for example,the extinction of the moa,the large flightless bird of New Zealand—archaeological evidence in the form of remains is abundant.Grayson has also shown that the evidence is not so clear that all or even most of the large herbivores in late Pleistocene America became extinct after the appearance of Clovis.Of the 35 extinct genera,only 8 can be confidently assigned an extinction date of between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago.Many of the older genera,Grayson argues,may have succumbed before 12,000 B.C.,at least half a century before the Clovis showed up in the American West.

Question 11 of 14

In paragraph 7,why does the author mention that there is abundant archaeological evidence for the extinction of the New Zealand moa?

A.To show that extinctions occurred in areas other than North America

B.To challenge Martin’s claim that the lack of megafauna remains supports his model of the megafauna extinctions

C.To identify a country where humans were highly skilled as hunters

D.To help explain why it is unclear whether all large herbivores of late Pleistocene America became extinct after the appearance of Clovis

正確答案：B

題目詳解

題型分類：修辭目的題

題干分析：考察句子之間的關(guān)系。由New Zealand定位到文章第三句。

選項分析：

新西蘭出現(xiàn)在一個例子中，例子一般用于前文觀點，即第二句中的“And how could we ever disprove it?”。it對應(yīng)B選項的Martin’s claim，disprove對應(yīng)B選項的challenge。

A選項，這個例子不是要支持動物滅絕發(fā)生了。

C選項，highly skilled as hunters無中生有。

D選項內(nèi)容出自下一句，這一句引出了新的觀點與前文的例子無關(guān)。

Question 12 of 14

Paragraph 7 suggests that Donald Grayson believes which of the following about the remains at Clovis sites and megafaunal extinctions?

A.The rapid rate of the spread of humans explains why the extinctions also occurred at a rapid rate.

B.The lack of evidence of human-caused extinctions is not surprising in view of the speed with which the extinctions occurred.

C.It is likely that more evidence will be found as dating methods improve.

D.If humans did contribute to the extinctions,much more evidence of that would have been found by now.

正確答案：D

題目詳解

題型分類：事實信息題

原文定位：根據(jù)選項定位。

選項分析：

第七段第一句先說了Martin給缺乏證據(jù)提出了一個說法，第二句和第三句Donald Grayson說其他地方人類導(dǎo)致的物種滅絕留下了大量的證據(jù)，來反駁Martin的說法。兩句綜合為D選項，much more evidence of that would have been found對應(yīng)第三句abundant。

A選項出自第一句，是Martin的解釋，與Donald Grayson無關(guān)，并且explains why the extinctions also occurred at a rapid rate無中生有。

B選項出自第一句，與Donald Grayson無關(guān)。

C選項more evidence will be found無中生有。

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