托福閱讀真題Official 44 Passage 2（六）

托福閱讀真題Official 44 Passage 2（六）

The Use of the Camera Obscura

The precursor of the modern camera,the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole.The image of the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure.This technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C.in China.Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourth century B.C.,and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490.In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis(meaning“natural magic”)instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced.Later,portable camera obscuras were developed,with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image.For the artist,this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be drawn precisely as they would be seen from a single viewpoint.Mirrors were also used to reverse the projected images to their original positions.

Did some of the great masters of painting,then,trace their images using a camera obscura.Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists’use of such devices.One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master,Jan Vermeer,who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands,including the science of optics.Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings,including his famous The Art of Painting.The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other Vermeer paintings,with lighting coming from a window on the left,the same roof beams,and similar floor tiles,suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground.The map hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeer’s possession,reproduced in such faithful detail that some kind of tracery is suspected.When one of Vermeer’s paintings was X-rayed,it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint,but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches.Vermeer did not have any students,did not keep any records,and did not encourage anyone to visit his studio,facts that can be interpreted as protecting his secret use of a camera obscura.

In recent times the British artist David Hockney has published his investigations into the secret use of the camera obscura,claiming that for up to 400 years,many of Western art’s great masters probably used the device to produce almost photographically realistic details in their paintings.He includes in this group Caravaggio,Hans Holbein,Leonardo da Vinci,Diego Velázquez,Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres,Agnolo Bronzino,and Jan van Eyck.From an artist’s point of view,Hockney observed that a camera obscura compresses the complicated forms of a three-dimensional scene into two-dimensional shapes that can easily be traced and also increases the contrast between light and dark,leading to the chiaroscuroartistic term for a contrast between light and dark effect seen in many of these paintings.In Jan van Eyck’s The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami,the complicated foreshortening(a technique for representing an image in art that makes it appear to recede in space)in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura.

So what are we to conclude.If these artists did use a camera obscura,does that diminish their stature.Hockney argues that the camera obscura does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting.In experimenting with it,he found that it is actually quite difficult to use for drawing,and he speculates that the artists probably combined their observations from life with tracing of shapes.

Question 11 of 14

The word“diminish”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.reduce

B.affect

C.reflect

D.determine

正確答案：A

題目詳解

題型分類：詞匯題

題干分析：詞匯所在句子If these artists did use a camera obscura,does that diminish their stature?譯為“如果這些藝術(shù)家的確使用了暗箱，這會不會降低他們的聲望？”，diminish減少，降低。

選項分析：

A選項reduce減少。

B選項affect影響。

C選項reflect反映，反射。

D選項determine決定。

Question 12 of 14

According to paragraph 4,what does Hockney argue about the use of the camera obscura in producing art?

A.Works produced using a camera obscura do not deserve as much respect as those produced without it.

B.The camera obscura was probably used primarily as a training device,rather than used in producing finished works.

C.Use of the camera obscura byWestern art’s great masters was probably relatively rare.

D.While the use of the camera obscura may have helped artists,they still needed to have significant artistic ability.

正確答案：D

題目詳解

題型分類：事實信息題

原文定位：定位詞：Hockney；use of a camera obscura。定位到第四段的第三、四句。Hockney表達(dá)說暗箱并不能代替繪畫藝術(shù)技巧，并發(fā)現(xiàn)繪畫時使用暗箱其實是很難的，推測藝術(shù)家們很可能在繪制形狀時融入了自己對于生活的觀察。

選項分析：

D選項they still needed to have significant artistic ability對應(yīng)第三句does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting和第四句the artists probably combined their observations from life with tracing of shapes。

A選項說使用暗箱的作品不如沒使用暗箱的作品受人尊重。而文中說does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting，說明使用暗箱的作品同樣需要藝術(shù)家的技巧，并非不受尊重，因此該選項與原文描述不符。

B選項used primarily as a training device，將暗箱用作訓(xùn)練工具，文中無此意，無中生有。

C選項說西方藝術(shù)大師使用暗箱是很少的，文中無此信息，無中生有。

>> 雅思 托福 免費測試、量身規(guī)劃、讓英語學(xué)習(xí)不再困難<<