托福tpo64聽力lecture1 international trade

2023-05-19 15:20:14 來源：中國教育在線

托福tpo64聽力lecture1 international trade，今天中國教育在線就來為大家分析這個問題。

international trade托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、international trade托福聽力原文：

Listen to part of a lecture in an economics class.The professor has been talking about international trade.

Professor:OK,so let's recap from yesterday.Why do nations engaged in international trade?Well,it's often because of a surplus,more than they need,and they also trade for the opposite reason when they have shortages and can't produce everything they want or need domestically.So these explanations are good as far as they go.But there's another scenario we need to discuss.And that is what if a country is capable of producing something it wants or needs but it can also import the same product from another country?Now,how does the country decide whether to make the product itself or import it?OK,take an example.Um,think about the bananas that you buy in the supermarket.If you look closely,you'll see that most bananas in the United States are imported,imported from countries with tropical climates.But the United States has warm regions.It has greenhouse.Clearly,it would be possible to grow bananas here.So why doesn't the US do that?Scott?

Student Scott:Well,it is like a lot cheaper and more efficient for countries with tropical climates,for tropical countries to grown bananas,isn't it?I mean,they don't need greenhouse to grow bananas,and they're not so limited to certain regions.

Professor:Okay,good.That's exactly right.Tropical countries have what we call an absolute advantage in producing bananas.Absolute advantage is the term we use when a country can produce more of a product using fewer resources.They're the most efficient producer of something.And the United States can't be that with bananas.So it's better off specializing in other goods that it can make more efficiently.Let's take an example,say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well,you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.OK,so as I was saying,two countries,two products,one country can produce both products more efficiently than the other country.Should these two countries even trade at all?

Student Scott:Uh,well,no,I mean,like what's in it for the more efficient country?

Professor:Well,what is in it for them?Let's,um,well,let's call these countries um,X and Y.Country X makes both TVs and chairs more efficiently than country Y does.It has an absolute advantage in producing both commodities?No question.But what economists also look at is relative efficiency.And from that perspective,we see that country X is a lot more efficient at making TVs than it is at making chairs and in country Y,ah,well,it turns out they're more efficient at making chairs than TVs.So we say that country Y has a comparative advantage at chair making.And country X has a comparative advantage at TV making.So what should happen?Well,first,both countries should specialize in the production of just one thing.The product they're most efficient at making.Country X should make only TVs and country Y should make only chairs,then two of them should trade.Specialization and trade are going to lead to increase in production and increased overall supply of goods and generally lower prices.Right?

Student Scott:Professor,I still don't see how countries figure out when and where they have a comparative advantage.

Professor:Well,you can't fully understand the concept of comparative advantage without also considering the related concept of opportunity cost.Opportunity cost is what you lose,uh,the options you have to give up in order to use your time and resources for something else,countries can determine where their comparative advantages lies,uh,like making TVs instead of chairs by figuring out what they can make with the lowest opportunity cost.Ah,you know,maybe this will be clear if we apply it on a personal level.Now think about when you go out to a movie,your direct monetary cost is the price of the movie ticket.Right?But you also spend two hours at the theater.Your opportunity cost includes both,uh,whatever else you could have spent your money on.Um,ten candy bars may be and whatever else you could have accomplished during the time you were watching the movies,uh,you might have completed your homework for this class,or you might have work two hours overtime at your job,thereby earning instead of spending money.See,these lost possibilities are your opportunity cost.

二、international trade托福聽力中文翻譯：

聽經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課上的部分講座。這位教授一直在談?wù)搰H貿(mào)易。

教授：好的，讓我們回顧一下昨天的情況。各國為什么參與國際貿(mào)易？嗯，這通常是因?yàn)橛?，超過了他們的需要，當(dāng)他們出現(xiàn)短缺，無法在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)他們想要或需要的一切時，他們也會出于相反的原因進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。所以這些解釋就其本身而言是好的。但我們還需要討論另一種情況。如果一個國家有能力生產(chǎn)它想要或需要的東西，但它也可以從另一個國家進(jìn)口同樣的產(chǎn)品，那該怎么辦？現(xiàn)在，國家如何決定是自己生產(chǎn)還是進(jìn)口？好，舉個例子。嗯，想想你在超市買的香蕉。如果你仔細(xì)觀察，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)美國大多數(shù)香蕉都是從熱帶氣候國家進(jìn)口的。但美國有溫暖的地區(qū)。它有一個溫室。顯然，在這里種植香蕉是可能的。那么美國為什么不這么做呢？斯科特？

學(xué)生斯科特：對熱帶氣候國家來說，種植香蕉更便宜、更有效，不是嗎？我的意思是，他們不需要溫室種植香蕉，他們也不局限于某些地區(qū)。

教授：好的，很好。沒錯。熱帶國家在生產(chǎn)香蕉方面擁有我們所說的絕對優(yōu)勢。絕對優(yōu)勢是指一個國家可以用更少的資源生產(chǎn)更多的產(chǎn)品。他們是最有效率的生產(chǎn)商。美國的香蕉可不是這樣的。因此，最好是專門從事其他可以更有效地生產(chǎn)的商品。讓我們舉一個例子，假設(shè)我們有兩個國家，他們各自只生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品，并且只與對方進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。我知道這太簡單了。但你馬上就會明白我的意思了。正如我所說，兩個國家，兩種產(chǎn)品，一個國家可以比另一個國家更有效地生產(chǎn)這兩種產(chǎn)品。這兩個國家甚至應(yīng)該進(jìn)行貿(mào)易嗎？

學(xué)生史考特：嗯，不，我的意思是，對于一個效率更高的國家來說，有什么好處？

教授：那么，這對他們有什么好處呢？讓我們把這些國家稱為X和Y。X國比Y國生產(chǎn)電視和椅子的效率更高。它在生產(chǎn)這兩種商品方面有絕對優(yōu)勢嗎？毫無疑問。但經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家也關(guān)注相對效率。從這個角度來看，我們看到X國制造電視的效率要比制造椅子的效率高得多，而在Y國，啊，事實(shí)證明他們制作椅子的效率要高于電視。所以我們說Y國在椅子制造方面具有比較優(yōu)勢。X國在電視制作方面具有比較優(yōu)勢。那么應(yīng)該怎么辦呢？首先，兩國都應(yīng)該專注于一種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)。他們最有效率的產(chǎn)品。X國應(yīng)該只生產(chǎn)電視機(jī)，Y國應(yīng)該只制造椅子，然后他們中的兩個應(yīng)該交易。專業(yè)化和貿(mào)易將導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)增加，商品總供應(yīng)增加，價格普遍下降。正當(dāng)

學(xué)生史考特：教授，我仍然不明白各國是如何判斷何時何地具有比較優(yōu)勢的。

教授：如果不考慮機(jī)會成本的相關(guān)概念，你就不可能完全理解比較優(yōu)勢的概念。機(jī)會成本是你失去的，呃，你必須放棄的選擇。為了把你的時間和資源用在其他事情上，國家可以通過計(jì)算出他們可以用最低的機(jī)會成本制造什么來確定他們的比較優(yōu)勢在哪里，比如制造電視而不是椅子。啊，你知道，如果我們把它應(yīng)用到個人層面，也許這會很清楚?，F(xiàn)在想想當(dāng)你出去看電影時，你的直接金錢成本就是電影票的價格。正當(dāng)?shù)阋矔趧≡捍蟽蓚€小時。你的機(jī)會成本包括，呃，你可以花錢買的任何東西。嗯，十塊糖果可能是，或者你在看電影的時候可以完成的任何東西，呃，可能你已經(jīng)完成了這門課的作業(yè)，或者你可能在工作中加班兩個小時，從而掙錢而不是花錢。看，這些失去的可能性是你的機(jī)會成本。

三、international trade托福聽力問題：

Q1:What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Advantages that countries can gain by making their own goods

B.Inequalities that lead to trade imbalances between countries

C.Cost and efficiency concepts that help determine trade decisions

D.Ways in which local surpluses can affect international trade

Q2:Why does the professor talk about growing bananas in countries with tropical climates?

A.To show how opportunity costs affect agricultural production

B.To explain how demand for a product determines its cost

C.To describe how domestic shortages are created

D.To illustrate the concept of absolute advantage

Q3:According to the professor,what indicates that a country has an absolute advantage in trade?

A.It can produce an item more efficiently than other countries.

B.It is wealthy enough to import everything that it needs.

C.It consistently exports more than it imports.

D.It does not have to import any goods from other countries.

Q4:The professor gives an example of two countries that produce televisions and chairs.What does she predict will happen if the economic decisions of both countries are based on the principle of comparative advantage?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.The prices of televisions and chairs will go down in both countries.

B.More chairs and televisions will be manufactured in each country.

C.Imports of televisions and chairs will decrease in each country.

D.The total supply of televisions and chairs will increase in both countries.

Q5:Why does the professor talk about going to the movies?

A.To demonstrate the difference between absolute and comparative advantage

B.To provide an example to help explain the concept of opportunity costs

C.To illustrate the advantages of specialization in the entertainment industry

D.To show that economic theories do not always apply on a personal level

Q6:Why does the professorsaythis:

A.To reassure the students that the example will help illustrate her point

B.To apologize to the students for using an example that is difficult to understand