劍橋雅思13Test3Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation

劍橋雅思13Test3Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation 具體的內(nèi)容和中國(guó)教育在線平臺(tái)一起來看看吧

橋雅思13Test3Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation 哈拉帕文明的衰落

劍橋雅思13 Test3 Passage3閱讀原文翻譯

段落A

The Harappan Civilisation of ancient Pakistan and India flourished 5,000 years ago, but a thousand years later their cities were abandoned. The Harappan Civilisation was a sophisticated Bronze Age society who built ‘megacities’ and traded internationally in luxury craft products, and yet seemed to have left almost no depictions of themselves. But their lack of self-imagery – at a time when the Egyptians were carving and painting representations of themselves all over their temples – is only part of the mystery.

古巴基斯坦和印度的哈拉帕文明曾在5000年前十分繁榮，但1000年之后，他們的城市便被遺棄。哈拉帕文明是一個(gè)先進(jìn)的青銅時(shí)代社會(huì)。它建造起大型城市，并進(jìn)行奢華工藝品的國(guó)際貿(mào)易，然而它似乎并未留下什么有關(guān)自身的描述。但這一自我形象描繪的缺失-同一時(shí)代中，埃及人在他們的廟宇各處雕刻和繪制自身的象征-僅僅是謎團(tuán)的一部分。

段落B

‘There is plenty of archaeological evidence to tell us about the rise of the Harappan Civilisation, but relatively little about its fall,’ explains archaeologist Dr Cameron Petrie of the University of Cambridge. ‘As populations increased, cities were built that had great baths, craft workshops, palaces and halls laid out in distinct sectors. Houses were arranged in blocks, with wide main streets and narrow alleyways, and many had their own wells and drainage systems. It was very much a “thriving” civilisation”. Then around 2100 BC, a transformation began. Streets went uncleaned, buildings started to be abandoned, and ritual structures fell out of use. After their final demise, a millennium passed before really large-scale cities appeared once more in South Asia.

“有充足的考古證據(jù)告訴我們哈拉帕文明的崛起，但相比之下，很少有關(guān)于其衰落的證據(jù)”，劍橋大學(xué)考古學(xué)家Cameron Petrie博士解釋到?！半S著人口增長(zhǎng)，他們建造起大型浴池、手工藝品作坊、宮殿和會(huì)堂分布于不同區(qū)域的城市。房屋按照街區(qū)布置，配備寬闊的主干道和狹窄的小巷。許多有著自己的水井和排水系統(tǒng)。它是一個(gè)十分繁榮的文明。隨后，在公元前2100年左右，情況開始發(fā)生變化。街道不再干凈，建筑物開始被遺棄，儀式建筑不再被使用。在它們最終衰落之后，過了一千年才有真正的大型城市再次出現(xiàn)在南亞地區(qū)。

段落C

Some have claimed that major glacier-fed rivers changed their course, dramatically affecting the water supply and agriculture; or that the cities could not cope with an increasing population, they exhausted their resource base, the trading economy broke down or they succumbed to invasion and conflict; and yet others that climate change caused an environmental change that affected food and water provision. ‘It is unlikely that there was a single cause for the decline of the civilisation. But the fact is, until now, we have had little solid evidence from the area for most of the key elements,’ said Petrie. ‘A lot of the archaeological debate has really only been well-argued speculation.’

一些人認(rèn)為，巨大的冰川河流改變河道，對(duì)其供水和農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)生顯著影響；或者城市無法應(yīng)對(duì)日益增長(zhǎng)的人口。他們耗盡資源儲(chǔ)備，貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)體系崩潰，或者屈從于入侵和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。然而，其他人認(rèn)為（其衰落的原因在于）氣候變化引發(fā)的環(huán)境改變影響了食物和水資源的供應(yīng)。“不太可能是單一的因素引發(fā)該文明的衰落。但事實(shí)是，直到現(xiàn)在，我們?cè)谶@一地區(qū)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵要素沒有什么確鑿的證據(jù)”，Petrie說?！霸S多考古爭(zhēng)論僅僅一些論證充分的推測(cè)而已”。

段落D

A research team led by Petrie, together with Dr Ravindanath Singh of Banaras Hindu University in India, found early in their investigations that many of the archaeological sites were not where they were supposed to be, completely altering understanding of the way that this region was inhabited in the past. When they carried out a survey of how the larger area was settled in relation to sources of water, they found inaccuracies in the published geographic locations of ancient settlements ranging from several hundred metres to many kilometres. They realised that any attempts to use the existing data were likely to be fundamentally flawed. Over the course of several seasons of fieldwork they carried out new surveys, finding an astonishing 198 settlement sites that were previously unknown.

Petrie領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)，與印度貝拿勒斯印度教大學(xué)的Ravindanath Singh一起，在他們調(diào)查的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)許多考古遺址并不位于他們應(yīng)該在的地方。這完全文章來自老烤鴨雅思改變了人們對(duì)于該區(qū)域曾經(jīng)聚居方式的理解。當(dāng)他們調(diào)查完更大區(qū)域與水資源的關(guān)系之后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)發(fā)布的古老定居點(diǎn)的位置存在著幾百米到幾千米不等的誤差。他們意識(shí)到，任何使用現(xiàn)存數(shù)據(jù)的嘗試可能從根本上就是存在缺陷的。在幾個(gè)季度的實(shí)地考察中，他們進(jìn)行了新的調(diào)查，令人驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)了198個(gè)之前不為人知的聚居地。

段落E

Now, research published by Dr Yama Dixit and Professor David Hodell, both from Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences, has provided the first definitive evidence for climate change affecting the plains of north-western India, where hundreds of Harappan sites are known to have been situated. The researchers gathered shells of Melanoides tuberculata snails from the sediments of an ancient lake and used geochemical analysis as a means of tracing the climate history of the region. ‘As today, the major source of water into the lake is likely to have been the summer monsoon,’ says Dixit. ‘But we have observed that there was an abrupt change about 4,100 years ago, when the amount of evaporation from the lake exceeded the rainfall – indicative of a drought.’ Hodell adds: ‘We estimate that the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon climate lasted about 200 years before recovering to the previous conditions, which we still see today.’

如今，一項(xiàng)由劍橋大學(xué)地球科學(xué)系的Yama Dixit博士和Divid Hodell教授發(fā)布的研究提供了氣候變化影響西北部印度平原的切實(shí)證據(jù)。那里曾經(jīng)是數(shù)百個(gè)哈拉帕定居點(diǎn)的所在地。研究者們?cè)谝粋€(gè)古代湖泊的沉積物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了瘤擬黑螺的貝殼，并使用地球化學(xué)的分析方法來追溯該地區(qū)的氣候歷史。“正如今天一樣，涌入湖泊的水源似乎主要來自夏季季風(fēng)”，Dixit說?！暗覀冇^察到，4100年前曾有過一次突然的變化。當(dāng)時(shí)湖泊的蒸發(fā)量超過了降水量。這預(yù)示著干旱的發(fā)生”。Hodell補(bǔ)充到：“我們估計(jì)，印度夏季季風(fēng)氣候的減弱持續(xù)了大約200年，隨后才恢復(fù)到之前的、我們?nèi)缃袢阅芸吹降臓顩r。

段落F

It has long been thought that other great Bronze Age civilisations also declined at a similar time, with a global-scale climate event being seen as the cause. While it is possible that these local-scale processes were linked, the real archaeological interest lies in understanding the impact of these larger-scale events on different environments and different populations. ‘Considering the vast area of the Harappan Civilisation with its variable weather systems,’ explains Singh, ‘it is essential that we obtain more climate data from areas close to the two great cities at Mohenjodaro and Harappa and also from the Indian Punjab.’

長(zhǎng)久以來，人們認(rèn)為其他偉大的青銅時(shí)代文明也在相似的時(shí)間里出現(xiàn)衰落，而全球范圍的氣候變化被視為罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。雖然這些地區(qū)規(guī)模的事件可能存在聯(lián)系，但真正的考古興趣在于理解這些大規(guī)模事件對(duì)不同環(huán)境和不同人口的影響。”考慮到哈拉帕文明廣大的地域，以及其多變的天氣系統(tǒng)”，Singh解釋到，“我們從摩亨佐達(dá)羅和哈拉帕這兩座大型城市以及印度旁遮普周圍的地區(qū)獲取更多氣候數(shù)據(jù)是十分必要的”。

段落G

Petrie and Singh’s team is now examining archaeological records and trying to understand details of how people led their lives in the region five millennia ago. They are analysing grains cultivated at the time, and trying to work out whether they were grown under extreme conditions of water stress, and whether they were adjusting the combinations of crops they were growing for different weather systems. They are also looking at whether the types of pottery used, and other aspects of their material culture, were distinctive to specific regions or were more similar across larger areas. This gives us insight into the types of interactive networks that the population was involved in, and whether those changed.

Petrie和Singh的團(tuán)隊(duì)現(xiàn)在正在研究考古記錄，試圖理解5千年前人們?cè)谠搮^(qū)域生活的具體細(xì)節(jié)。他們分析當(dāng)時(shí)培育的谷物，嘗試弄清楚它們是否生長(zhǎng)在極端的水壓情況下，以及人們是否根據(jù)不同的天氣系統(tǒng)調(diào)整種植谷物的組合方式。他們同樣研究人們所使用的陶器種類，以及其他方面的物質(zhì)文化，判斷它們是特定區(qū)域所獨(dú)有的，還是在更大范圍的區(qū)域中都十分相似。這使得我們可以深入理解人們之間的互動(dòng)模式，以及它們是否發(fā)生過變化。

段落H

Petrie believes that archaeologists are in a unique position to investigate how past societies responded to environmental and climatic change. ‘By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as the management and administration of water supply, the balance of urban and rural development, and the importance of preserving cultural heritage in the future.’

Petrie認(rèn)為，考古學(xué)家在調(diào)查古代社會(huì)如何應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境與氣候變化方面處于獨(dú)特的位置。“通過調(diào)查對(duì)環(huán)境壓力和威脅的應(yīng)對(duì)方式，我們可以向過去的人們學(xué)習(xí)，從而與公眾、相關(guān)政府部門以及行政機(jī)關(guān)溝通，在水資源管理、城鄉(xiāng)平衡發(fā)展、以及文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的重要性等問題上變得更加主動(dòng)。

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